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Exam 3

Terms in this set (98)

The most accurate definition of artery is a blood vessel that...
transports blood away from the heart
Capillaries are best described as...
microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid
The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to...
ensure that blood flows in one direction
The medical term for heart attack is...
myocardial infarction
Which parameters are associated with increased resistance?
Reduced flow
Increased friction.
Reduced blood vessel diameter
Increased blood pressure.
When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the
velocity of flow
The function of the pericardial fluid is to...
reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium
In the heart, valves with chordae tendinea are located...
between the atria and the ventricles
Which valves have chordae tendineae?
bicuspid and tricuspid valves
The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of...
the contractile force for pumping
The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes...
opening of L-type calcium channels.
The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)?
Na+
During the plateau phase which ions slows down the rapid repolarization of the action potential?
Ca2+
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of __________ K+permeability and __________ Ca2+
decreasing, increasing
The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in...
preventing tetanus of myocardium
The " pacemaker potential" is considered as unstable...
It is different from the normal resting potential in skeletal muscle.
It is constantly varied the ions used as Ca+ and K+
It possesses Instable If channels.
short living as it will be replaced by the steady inflow of calcium in the cell.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase the heart rate by the ions flow through __________ channels.
calcium
If
The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through...
gap junctions.
The AV node is important because it
directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting.
serves as relay between the atrium and ventricle in a normal heart.
create a time to let the ventricle filling up.
Not true when the heart is in fibrillation,..


the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast.

the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells.

effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute.
there is no contraction of the myocardium.
the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute.
A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed..
Tachycardia
Which of the following events result in the first heart sound?
The AV valves close
During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole
the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the...
stroke volume
The cardiac output is equal to...
the product of heart rate and stroke volume
According to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the...
venous return
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is...
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Autorhythmic cells...
are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat
The P wave of an ECG corresponds to...
depolarization of the atria
The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to...
the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization.
the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute
cardiac output (CO)
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction
stroke volume (SV)
the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts
end-systolic volume (ESV)
amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction
end-diastolic (EDV)
Put these autorythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart.

bundle of His
internodal pathway
Purkinje fibers
atrioventricular node
sinoatrial nodes
left and right bundle branches
sinoatrial nodes
internodal pathway
atrioventricular node
bundle of His
left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by...
decreasing the duration of the resting potential to reach the threshold.
increasing the permeability of Ca2+during the resting potential.
Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during...
ventricular systole.
Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them write after the letter 1,2,3,4,... from the venae cavea to the aorta.

right ventricle
left atrium
right atrium
pulmonary artery
left ventricle
pulmonary vein
vena cavae
Aorta
vena cavae
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
Aorta
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the __________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS complex
Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest?
decreased sympathetic stimulation
Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by...
decreasing the permeability to Ca2+
Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by...
increasing the permeability only to Ca2+.
As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
tetany
Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to...
decrease the force of cardiac contraction.
The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show.
more P waves than QRS complexes per minute.
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
doubling the diameter of a vessel
If the EDV is 140 mL, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person?
The ESV could be 70 mL and the SV could be 70 mL.
The ESV could be 50 mL and the SV could be 90 mL.
What can we learn about the heart if we read an EKG?
the heart rate
the rhythm of the heartbeat
the heart blockage.
the state of the cardiac muscle
The major blood vessels are composed of...
Layers of the smooth muscles.
Elastic connective tissues.
Fibrous connective tissue.
Endothelial cells
Endothelium of blood vessels can...
Secrete paracrine hormones.
Regulate of blood pressure.
Participate in blood vessels growth.
Make up what we call intima.
________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.
Aorta and Arteries
The inner lining of blood vessels is called...
endothelium.
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of...
all vessel types except capillaries.
The blood vessels that redistribute the blood to organs are...
Metarterioles
The precapillaries rings in the arterioles are but....
Underlined by valves and having no pressure.
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the
capillaries
Angiogenesis is...
the growth of new blood vessels.
Which is NOT true for pericytes?


Highly contractible cells surrounding the capillaries.

Form a meshlike layer between the capillary epithelium and interstitial fluid

More developed in the cerebral capillaries.

No connection with the blood- brain barrier..

Loss of them may conduct to blindness.
No connection with the blood- brain barrier
Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of...
cancer
The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80 mmHg
exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole

reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
Calculate the mean arterial pressure if the obtain blood pressure is 130/70.

60
40
80
200
None of the above
None of the above
The mean arterial pressure reflects...
Driving force created by the pumping action of the heart
A single value to represent the changing blood pressure
Closed to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure.
Reliable tool to determine a chronic condition of the heart.
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the...
pulse pressure.
The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the...
Arterioles
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?
increases
Increased blood volume __________ blood pressure.
increases
Which factor will influence the blood flow?
The pressure gradient.
The blood viscosity.
The blood vessel radius.
The blood volume.
Myogenic autoregulation means that...
increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel.
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
Depolarized voltage gate Ca2+ channels and attached to calmodulin of light chains of myosin.
Paracrine hormones will influence the constriction/relaxation of smooth muscle.
Reactive hyperemia is...
increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.
Active hyperemia is triggered by...
increased blood flow due increase in metabolic local activity.
The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as...
pre-eclampsia.
__________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas __________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass.
Fenestrated, continuous
Sinusoids are modified vessels found in...
liver
bone marrow
spleen
A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called...
elephantiasis.
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the...
medulla oblongata
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as __________ are located in some artery walls.
baroreceptors
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the...
carotid artery
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to...
body temperature.
emotional responses.
blood oxygen levels.
Fenestrated capillaries are present in...
the kidneys.
Fainting is also known a...
vasovagal syncope.
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception.
vasodilation
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her pulse pressure would be...
40
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
doubling the diameter of a vessel
The lymphatic system...
Has one directional flow of the lymph from the tissue to the blood.
Insure the osmotic pressure in the tissue to permit the waste back in the blood.
empties the lymph vessels into the veins near in subclavian veins..
can remove foreign bodies from tissues.
Malnutrition can cause edema because...
Low plasma proteins and high tissues proteins content.
The hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis because...
Damage to endothelial lining of blood vessels.
Increasing afterload.
Increased resistance by reducing the radius of capillaries.
Systolic pressure might reach 200mm of Hg and cause over stretch
Which the following will increase flow in a vessel.
Decrease length by 1 unit
Increase radius by 1 unit.
Decrease viscosity by 1 unit.
The venous return in the heart is helped by...
Endovascular valves.
The movement of skeletal muscles in the limbs.
The movement of peristalsis in the intestine.
The lungs respiratory movement.
Which is not function of the lymphatic system...


Returning fluid and proteins out of the tissues to the circulatory system

Picking up fat absorbed at small intestine

Serving as a filter to help capture and destroy foreign pathogens.

Retard the spreading of cancerous tissues under the form of metastasis.

Store calcium for the muscles.
Store calcium for the muscles.
The baroreceptors sense the blood pressure variations and send signals to the CNS. How the CNS responds to correct the drop in blood pressure?
Increases cardiac output and decreases the peripheral resistance.
In smooth muscle, where the Calcium ions attach to cause the muscle contraction?
Light chains of the myosin
Some patients develop at a certain time pulsative jugular veins what is the cause?
The absence of the valves between the superior vena cava and the right atrium.
Aorta
blood pressure reservoir
Arterioles
resistance reservoir
Arterial capillaries
unload nutrients and oxygen to the tissue from the blood
Venous capillaries
load waste from tissue to the blood
Venules and veins
volume reservoir
Superior and inferior vena cava
diverse blood into the right atrium
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