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Political Revolutions

Terms in this set (91)

Political Revolutions Matrix
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USA: Nationalist Leader
Thomas Jefferson
USA: Grievances
• Great Britain is asserting too much control over colonies
• American colonists want political freedom and the right to rule themselves
USA: Who fought whom
American colonists are fighting against Great Britain and the Royalist colonists who support it
USA: goal of the Revolution
The goal of the American revolution is to be free of Great Britain and establish an independent nation
USA: Outcome
The USA defeated Britain and won its independence in 1783
France: Nationalist Leader
Napoleon Bonaparte
France: Grievances
•Nobles and clergy hold most of the power in France
•Commoners had very little voice in the gov't
•France has serious financial problems, yet the nobles & clergy pay no taxes
France: Who fought whom
•French revolutionaries are fighting the wealthy privileged few who would deny French citizens political power
•France is also at war against Austria and Prussia
France: Goals
The main goal is the sharing of political power, based on Enlightenment ideas
France: Outcome
•When the French Revolution finally ended, it ended the representative democracy
•Napoleon became the emperor and dictator of France
Haiti: Nationalist Leader
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haiti: Grevances
•The French hold large number of black people as slaves
•Freed people of color and mulattos have no social or political equality with whites
Haiti: Who fought whom
Slaves, freed people of color and mulattos are fighting against French for control
Haiti: Goal
The goal is to end slavery and become a free & independent nation
Haiti: Outcome
•Mulatto & black forces defeated French troops and declared independence from France in 1804
•They founded the first black republic in modern history
Rio de La Plata: Nationalist leader
San Martin
Rio de la Plata: Grievances
•Peninsulares, not Creoles hold all of the important political and military positions
•Creoles want political freedom and the right to rule themselves
Rio de la Plata: Who fought Whom
Creole patriots are fighting Spanish forces, royalists Penisulares and some Creole royalists
** royalists - people who support the royal family in Spain
Rio de La Plata: Goals
The goal of the revolution is to be free of Spain and become an independent nation
Rio de La plata: Outcome
•The United Provinces of the Rio de La Plata formed an independent nation
•Knowing they could not be secure until Spain was driven out of South American, patriots went to free Peru and Chile from Spanish control
Creoles
American born descendants of Spanish colonizers
Peninsulares
Spanish born settlers - the elite
New Granda: Nationalist leader
Bolívar
New Granda: Grievances
•Peninsulares, not Creoles hold all of the important political and military positions
•Creoles want political freedom and the right to rule themselves
New Granda: Who fought whom
Creole patriots are fighting Spanish forces, royalists Penisulares and some Creole royalists
New Granda: Goals
The goal is to be free of Spain and become an independent nation
New Granda: Outcome
New Granda achieved its independence from Spain in 1822
Mexico: Nationalist leader
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexico: Grievances
•Spain appoints peninsulares, not Creoles to run the government
•Peninsulares block attempts by Creoles to introduce liberal reforms
•We, the Creoles want political freedom and the right to rule ourselves
Mexico: Who fought Whom
Indians, Mestizos and some Creoles are fighting Spanish forces and the royalist Peninsulares that support them
Mexico: Goals
Mexico is fighting to be free of Spain and become and Independent nation
Mexico: Outcome
•Hidalgo was executed, but Patriots continued the fight
•Mexico achieved independence in 1821
Japan: Nationalist leader
Meiji
Japan: Grievances
•The shogun has been unable to keep Japan isolated from the "barbarians" of the West
•The shogun has kept Japan weak military
Japan: Who fought Whom
Japanese reformers oppose the rule of the shogun and his supporters
Japan: Goal
Japanese reformers seek the end of the shogunate and the restoration of the emperor to the throne of Japan
Japan: Outcome
•It became a constitutional monarchy
•The shogunate came to an end
•Emperor Meiji took control of Japan
•Meiji reformers introduced sweeping political, educational and economic reforms
China: Nationalist leader
Sun Yat-Sen
China: Grievances
•The Qing dynasty has been unable to fight against foreign powers who force us to open our trade ports to trade
•The Qing dynasty has been unable to improve economic conditions
China: Who fought whom
The revolutionaries are fighting against the Qing dynasty and its supports
China: Goals
The goal is to end the Qing dynasty and establish a republican government and enact a land reform
China: Outcome
•The Chinese monarchy came to an end in 1912
•A republic was established, but it was very short lived
French Revolution
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1st estate
•Clergy
•Owned 10% of land
•Paid 2% of income as taxes
2nd estate
•Nobility
•Owned 30% of the land
•Paid almost no taxes
3rd estate
•Common people
•97-98% of the population
•made up of:
-bourgeoisie (merchants, doctors & lawyers)
-Urban lower class (cook, servants)
-Peasants
•Paid high taxes (50%)
•Had few privileges and rights
What ideas did the clergy & nobility hate and why?
1st and 2nd Estates scorned Enlightenment ideals, which threatened their status and power. They liked the taxes and land laws
Forces of Change: What were the enlightenment ideas, and what was their significance?
•New ideas about power and authority
•People questioned long-standing ideas about the structure of society
•The success of the American Revolution was inspiring
•Enlightenment ideas were inspiring
Forces of Change: How did economic woes cause change in France?
•Heavy tax burden
•Bad weather caused widespread crop failure
•Extravagant spending by the King & Queen and heavy borrowing put the gov't in extreme debt
Forces of Change: How did weak leadership cause change in France?
•Loouis XVI paid little attention to the coming crisis - he was not a very good leader
•His wife, Marie Antoinette was known as Madame Deficit b/c she loved gambling and spending money on luxury goods, contributing to the large deficit
Revolution Dawns: Why did Louis call the Estates General?
•French nobility resisted Louis' attempts to impose taxes on them.
•The Parlement (a judicial organization controlled by the nobility) blocked the King's move, forcing him to call the Estates General
Revolution Dawns: What is the significance of the National Assembly?
•The 3rd estate pressed for changes in the Estates-General's voting rules
•3rd Estate vote to establish a National Assembly, in effect proclaiming the end to absolute monarchy and the beginning of a representative gov't
•Members of the 3rd Estate insisted that the three orders meet together and vote by head, not by the traditional estate (because they had the most representatives, this would give them a majority).
Revolution Dawns: What was the Tennis Court Oath and what was its significance?
•The national assembly declared they would not disband until creating a new constitution
•Louis ordered the 3rd Estate to disperse but they refused. Unwilling to use force against them, he ultimately ordered the other two Estates to join the new National Assembly.
Revolution Dawns: What was the the significance of the Storming of the Bastille?
•All the people in the prison was freed
•It was symbolic because they went against the gov't and let out prisoners that the gov't was holding
Revolution Dawns: What was the significance of the Great Fear?
•Riots in the country side
•Peasant revolts
•Burning of nobles' homes in the countryside, causing fear among nobility
Revolution Dawns: What was the significance of The Women's March on Versailles
•A march for bread (food) showed the people wanted more food - lack of food, they forced Louis to come back and see ho the common people were living
Revolution Dawns: Why did the people want Louis XVI to live in Paris?
They wanted him to live in Paris where people were suffering, instead of living in Versailles where everything was extravagant and luxurious, so he moved his family to Paris to be near the people and see how they lived
The National Assembly Reforms France: What were components of the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
1.Men are born free and equal
2.Natural rights of liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
3.Guaranteed equal justice, freedom and speech and religion
The National Assembly Reforms France: What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and why was it controversial?
1.Church lands seized by the gov't
2.Church under control of the Gov't
3.Clergymen required to swear an oath to the new constitution
**This was the most controversial measure because France was a very strong nation of Catholics, and many thought it was too much to attack the Church
The National Assembly Reforms France: What was significant about the decree that abolished Feudalism?
•Abolished Serfdom
•Abolish the tithe - tax for the church
•Abolished Feudal rights
The Legislative Assembly: What was the 1791 Constitution?
•The National Assembly created a limited monarchy and handed power over to a new assembly for the creation of laws.
•King and his ministers still have power to enforce laws.
The Legislative Assembly: How did the factions split France?
France was split up into...
•The Radicals (wanted to abolish the monarchy)
•Moderates (were looking for some changes)
•Conservatives (wanted to keep the monarchy
•San-Culottes (extreme left)
•Émigrés (wanted few changes in the gov't, but wanted a limited monarchy - extreme rights)
War and Extreme Measures: France vs. Austria & Prussia
In 1792, France declared war on Austria & Prussia
War and Extreme measures: What was the outcome of the Storming of Tuileries?
•Tuileries: The palace in Paris where Louis and his family were staying
•June: Mob placed the red cap of liberty on the King's head
•August: The king's guard is massacred (900 soldiers) and Louis, Marie Antoinette and their children are imprisoned
War and Extreme Measures: What was the outcome of the September Massacres 1792?
•In 5 days, over 1,00 people were murdered
•"Boldness and again boldness and always boldness" - prompted people to kill anyone who was counter revolutionary (clergy members, gov't officials, etc.)
War and Extreme Measures: What is the beginning of the radical stage of the revolution?
•Louis XVI stands before the National Convention
•His verdict is to be executed and beheaded
Terror Grips France: How does the reign of terror begin?
Foreign war and civil lawlessness
Terror Grips France: How was the National convention divided?
It was divided between the Girondins and the Jacobins (Mountain)
Terror Grips France: What did Robespierre do?
He brought about a Republic of Virtue:
•If your last name was king, it had to be changed
•Replaced kings, queens, and jacks on playing cards
•Changed the calendar
•They closed Churches and tried to take more of the church's land and wealth

**Robespierre was part of the Mountain faction (far left)
Terror Grips France: What was the Reign of Terror?
1. The goal was basically to crush any resistance to the government and Robespierre. He is at this point functioning like a dictator.
2. 40,000 people killed during "Reign of Terror." Nearly 85% were urban poor or middle class.
3. Guillotine: a machine used for punishment and execution
Terror Grips France: How did the Terror end?
1. Robespierre & other radical leaders are guillotined
2. Public is weary of violence
3. Moderates control National Convention & create a new constitution
-Protected private property
-Created new voting process that reduced power of masses
-Created new executive authority, the Directory
Terror grips France: What was the directory?
1. Weak government and proved unable to solve domestic economic problems or to end foreign wars.
2. As they rigged election and faced increased opposition, they relied more and more on the army to maintain control.
3. In 1799, Napoleon and his troops seized power in a coup d' etat. (A blow to the state to seize power)
AGE OF NAPOLEON
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What was significant about Napoleon's reign?
He created the largest empire in Europe since the Roman Empire
Popular authoritarianism
dictatorship controlled by the people
concubine
concu
The consulate
-concordat of 1801 gave freedom of worship to French catholics
-Civil code of 1804 provided equality in law and protection of property, but also restricted individual rights like free speech and reinforced patriarchal power by making men the head of the household
Peninsular war (1808-1813)
-takes place on the iberian peninsula
-french attempt to take over the iberian peninsula but the spanish fight back do not allow it
-this war weakened spanish power by taking their minds off of their american colonies, so american colonists began to declare independence
What was Napoleons biggest mistake?
-Invading Russia
-as napoleon and his men enter Russia the people retreat and burn the land, and kill the livestock which leaves nothing for the french army to eat, and does not leave them any shelter
-french were stuck in the winter with no supplies
What happens to Napoleon after the Russian campaign?
-Napoleon's enemies join forces against him. He is defeated by April 1814 and he is exiled to the island of Elba.
-he escapes less than a year later
Battle of Waterloo
-Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo ended his last bid for power, called the Hundred Days.
-He was exiled again to St. Helena (about midway between South America and Africa)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
-Representatives from Prussia, Russia, Britain, Austria, and France met in secret for nine months to help rebuild Europe
-They did not only think about reconstructing Europe but they also held balls, banquets, and amorous escapades
Metternich
-He was the leader of the congress of Vienna, he led the secret meetings
-Austrian foreign minister
Overall European goal
-Looking to establish long lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon
-Their overall goal was a new "European order" -- one of the collective security for the continent
Goals of the Congress of Vienna
-Contain France
-Restore Balance of Power
-Restore monarchs
-Suppress Nationalism
Containing France
They had to surround France with stronger countries to prevent future aggression
Restoring Balance of Power
They redrew the map of Europe with equal power so no country would gain too much power
Restoring the Monarchs
They affirmed the principle of legitimacy (rightful rulers) in order to stabilize political relations
Suppressing Nationalism
-Did not work very well
-But they redrew the borders without regard to ethnic/national boundaries to limit the threat of revolutions based on nationality
-Only goal that they failed at
Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
-Balance of power survived nearly a century
-France's size and power diminished; Britain and Prussia's power increased
-Nationalism rises in areas under foreign control (especially Italy, germany, and Greece), spurring later revolutions
-Overseas colonies take advantage of the power of shift to declare independence
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