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PA-504 Exam 2: Integumentary

Terms in this set (67)

What holds our skin cells together?
Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
What is a metaphor for tight junctions?
Chip clip, closed but sometimes need to open
What kind of barrier are tight junctions, and what does that mean they can do?
Dynamic - Open and close
What do desmosomes do? What is a metaphor? An example?
Anchor cells together with strong cell-to-cell connections; stitches; peeling skin
What are gap junctions? What is an example?
Heart cells - wave of contraction; channels - ion com
What are the three epithelial cell types?
Squamous (squished), cuboidal, columnal
What are the two types of epithelial cell structures?
Simple or stratified
What is the point of having stratified epithelial cells?
Several layers of cells improves protection
Where will you find simple epithelial cells and why?
Protection isn't a priority - internal organs
What is a simple cell structure example and function?
Diffusion of vitals: GI tract, lungs, blood vessels
As future clinicians, you can use sloughed off exfoliated cells to help you diagnose something. What are two examples?
Pap smear - check for cancer
Amniocentesis - check for genetic abnormalities
What is supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage and bone
What is fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
What is connective tissue "proper" and what does it look like?
Functional support - looks like a hot mess
What are cell types in CT proper (3 with functions)?
Adipocytes - energy, insulation and padding
Immune cells - defense
Fibroblasts - structure (growth and repair, produce collagen and elastin)
What do fibroblasts do and what are they associated with?
Repair - associated with causing problems
What is the difference between collagen and elastin fibers?
collagen - strong and flexible
elastin - compliant and flexible
When are collage fibers produced? How much of our body ____ do they make up? What do they do?
Throughout life; 25% of body protein; hold things together and strengthens tissues
What's a way to remember what would happen if we didn't have any collagen?
If we went to shake someone's hand, our hand would fall off
What happens when you have too little collagen?
Scurvy
What happens when you have too much collagen?
Fibrosis, fibrotic, scar tissue, keloid scars (think thickened tissue)
When are elastin fibers produced
Until early childhood
Are elastin fibers in scar tissue?
No
When are elastins destroyed and what happens?
Old age - wrinkles
What kinds of injury does integument protect you from?
Mechanical (someone hitting you with a bat), surface (someone pouring acid on you), leakage (you're not a slug), microbial, UV
What are the integument's general functions?
Protection, UV absorption and conversion into vitamin D3, temperature regulation, sensation (via receptors)
How does integument help control body temp?
Insulation (fat), cooling (sweat)
How does integument help with vitamin D3 creation? 2 parts
Absorbs UVB rays and/or acquired from diet converted to calcitrol (calcium absorption from gut into blood)
How to optimize vitamin D absorption
equator, noon, summer, more exposure time, lighter skin, less clothes (think DR if we were there in the summer)
What are the layers of skin if we had 2?
cutaneous and subcutaneous
What are the layers of skin if we had 3?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What are the layers of skin if we had four?
epidermis, papillary, reticular, hypodermis
What are the two kinds of fat? What is the more dangerous kind of fat? Where is it located?
Subcutaneous and visceral - visceral is more dangerous, located in abdomen
What is as hypodermic needle used for? Where is it injected?
Term used for injection of any fluid anywhere
What is transdermal delivery? Examples?
On top of the skin (delivered through the skin); nicotine patch
What is intradermal delivery? Examples?
Into the dermis - very shallow, into dermal layer; tb skin test and allergy test
Hypodermal delivery also known as? Examples?
Subdermal, subcutaneous (into hypodermal layer); insulin, morphine, nexplanon, vaccines with attenuated live pathogen, depo provera SC (new version)
What do you inject into the intramuscular layer? How long does the reaction take?
Vaccines with a dead pathogen; depo provera. This is a slower reaction
What is the most common type of cell in the epidermis layer?
keratinocytes
What do keratinocytes do?
produce keratin
What is it called when friction stimulates hyper-pigmentation, and what is the mechanism?
Hyperproliferate to form a callus (*think many layers)
What are the layers of the epidermis layer (from top to bottom)?
Dead keratinocites, mature, immature, new
How long does it take for keratinocytes to mature?
15 days
In what direction do keratinocytes move as they mature?
From bottom to top
What kind of cell is Langerhans?
Macrophages (think of chaotic shape)
What kind of cell is a Merkel cell? What do you do to stimulate them?
Touch receptor cell, stimulated by pressing
What does melanocyte do and what is a way to remember it?
Melancholy - dark mood
melanin - dark skin, protects from uvb rays
What is dermatitis?
Inflammation of the epidermis and dermis
What is it called when you have deep inflammation of the hypodermis and dermis?
Cellulitis
What is dermatitis eczema initiated by and what happens?
Initiated by white blood cells, specifically overreactive mast cells. They pump out cytokines and produce inflammation, triggering skin cell shedding.
What is dandruff specific to?
Eczema
What is dermatitis psoriasis caused by? What happens?
Keratinocytes (which may be overreactive due to a stimulus, like environmental or mutation)
What happens?
Hyperproliferation of keratinocytes; cell shedding (silvery, red, raised, painful patches)
What does damaged tissue trigger? Why is this useful?
Vasoconstriction and platelet activation (so less blood goes out and fewer microbes go in)
What are the steps of skin repair?
Scab creation, white blood cells, fibroblasts, epidermal cells
What is a scab made up of?
Platelets, fibrin, red blood cells
What are the two potential appearances of a scar?
Indented and raised
What is a raised scar called and why does it happen?
Keloid scar, excess collagen
How are keloid scars different from regular skin?
No sweat glands, less feeling, fewer blood vessels and nerves
In skin repair, what do white blood cells do?
eat microbes and debris
In skin repair, what do fibroblasts do?
Release collagen to strengthen scab
In skin repair, what do epidermal cells do?
Migrate down and around wound site
What is fibromatosis? (Picture Dr. Richard saying it in a funny way)
It's an excess of collagen caused by an injury that stimulates benign fibroblast tumors (fibr-oma-tosis).
What are three examples of fibromatosis?
Plantar (Ledderhose's), Palmar (Dupuytren's), penile (Peyronie's)
What are concerns with the integument and aging?
Damage, infection, cancer
What is there less of with the integument and aging? (Think specific cell types and why that would be a problem)
Fewer layers in the epidermis (less physical defense)
Fewer Langerhans cells (less immune defense)
Less active melanocytes
Less active fibroblasts (wound repair)
Why is overheating a greater concern with integument and aging?
Decreased activity of sweat glands, decreased vascularity
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