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Motivation, Emotion, Stress 5: Kaplan

Terms in this set (70)

The purpose or driving force behind our actions are called ___
motivation
external forces coming from outside oneself create ___-
extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from within oneself is referred to as ___
intrinsic motivation
These are behaviors with fixed patterns in response to stimuli
instinct
These behaviors do not go away with time ___
instincts
according to ___, people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
instinct theory of motivation
another factor that influences motivation is ___
arousal
___ is the psychological and and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
arousal
___ states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
arousal theory
Arousal theory is closely connected to the ___ which postulates a ___ shaped function of arousal and performance
yerkes dodson, U
people perform worse at extremely ___ and ___ levels of arousal
high, low
lower levels are optimal for highly ___ tasks
cognitive
higher levels of arousal are optimal for ___ tasks
physical
Simple tasks require slightly ___ arousal tan complex tasks
higher
___ are defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
drives
drives help humans survive by creating an ___ state
uncomfortable
___ refers to the need for food, water, warmth
primary
Homeostasis is usually controlled by ___
negative feedback
additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called ___
secondary drives
____ explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
drive reduction theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is divided into ___ components
5
The most primitive and essential needs of the pyramid are found at the ___
base
The highest level of the pyramid refers to ___
self actualization
Maslow theorized that if the lowest level of the pyramid is not met then there will be a motivation to fulfill that ___ first
need
A person's most basic motivation will be to satisfy physiological needs, followed by the need to establish a ___ and ___ environment
safe, secure
another need-based motivational theory is the ___ theory
self-determination
The self-determination theory emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: ___, ___, ___
autonomy, competence, relatedness
___ explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal but by rewards
incentive theory
___ states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's ___ of success in reaching the goal and the ___ to which they value to goal
expectancy value theory, expectation, value
___ explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology
opponent process theory
opponent process theory can also explain ___
tolerance
___ is a state of mind or feeling that is subjectively experienced
emotion
the three elements of emotion are: ___, ___, ___
physiological response, behavioral response, cognitive response
When a feeling is first experienced, arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system, which refers to the ___
physiological response
The ___ component of emotion includes facial expression and body language
behavioral
Finally, the ___ component of emotion is based is the ___ interpretation
cognitive, sibjective
Paul Ekman described the 7 universal emotions:
happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, disgust, fear, surprise
One corner of the mouth pulled upwards is a sign of ___
contempt
I must be angry because my skin is hot and blood pressure is high is an example of ___
james-lange theory of emotion
A stimulus results first in the ____, which leads to secondary response in which the ___ = James Lange
physiological response, emotion is labelled
____ states that the physiological and cognitive emotions occur simultaneously
cannon-bard theory of emotion
I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing ... let me get out of here! Is an example of ___
cannon-bard theory of emotion
the last theory of emotion is called the ___ theory of emotion
schachter singer
schachter-singer theory of emotion is also called the ___ and ___
cognitive arousal theory, two-factor theory of emotion
___ states that both arousal and labeling of arousal have to happen in order for emotion to be experienced
schacter singer theory of emotion
I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy... is an example of ___ theory of emotion
two-factor
1. Stimulus (the strange man),
2. Physical arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling).
3. Cognitive label (associating the physical reactions to fear),
4. Conscious experience of the emotion (fear).
Schacter singer theory of emotion
___ gave injections of epi or placebo to subjects that were either informed, ignorant, or misinformed. They also manipulated external cues in the study by having an ___ or ___ actor
schacter singer, happy, sad
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, unexpected arousal + environment that encourages a particular emotion = enough for ___ for the subject
creating emotion
___ is involved in experiencing emotion
limbic system
the ___ is involved in attention and fear. Helps interpret ___ expressions, and is part of the ___
amygdala, facial, intrinsic memory
The ___ is a sensory processing station
thalamus
The ___ releases NT's that affect mood and arousal
hypothalamus
The ___ creates long-term ___ memories
hippocampus, episodic
The ___ is involved with planning, expressing ___, and making decisions
prefrontal cortex, personality
the ___ is critical for EXPERIENCING emotion
ventral prefrontal cortex
the ___ is specifically involved in CONTROLLING emotional responses
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The ___ and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes is ___
physiological, stress
___ is classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign, or positive
primary appraisal
___ is directed at evaluating if the organisms can cope with the stress
secondary appraisal
A ___ is anything that LEADS to a stress response
stressor
Stressors can lead to ___ or ___
distress, eustress
___ occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
distress
___ can include events like graduating college, achieving a high MCAT score etc. Postice things
eustress
The sequence of physiological responses developed by Hans Selye is called the ___
general adaptation syndrome
General adaptation has 3 general stages called; ___, ___ and ___
alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
The initial response to a stressor is called ___. and this leads to production of ___ from the adrenal cortex
alarm stage, cortisol
The next stage is ___ which is the continuous release of hormones from the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged in the threat
resistance
last, a person will experience ___ when the body can no longer maintain the an elevated response with the sympathetic nervous system activity
exhaustion
the the point of ___ people can no longer maintain an elevated response
exhaustion
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