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Final Exam Digestive/Urinary

Terms in this set (101)

In the body, 80% of all lymphocytes, a type of immune system cell, are thought to be present in the...
small intestine
Mechanical digestion refers to...
the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
The __________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients.
large intestine
Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the...
mucosa
Contractions of the __________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
Intestinal crypts...
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine
produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine
Chief cells secrete...
pepsinogen
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the...
myenteric plexus.
Bile...
secreted by hepatocytes.
concentrated by the gall bladder.
released into the duodenum.
Emulsify the fat ( lipids)
Functions of the large intestine include...
resorption of water and compaction of feces.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion by...
the sight, thought, or smell of food
An enzyme that will digest proteins into peptides is
trypsin
Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by...
lymphatic vessels
Bicarbonate secretion..
neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum
is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3-
Saliva is
slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7
controlled by the autonomic nervous system
In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid...
Correct Answer rich in enzymes.
rich in enzymes
Diarrhea often accompanies intestinal infections. Why?
Bacterial toxins enhance the secretion of KCl from the cells, which pulls fluid into the intestine.
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the gallbladder releases a fluid...
rich in bile
Which of the following statements is true about GI muscle contractions?
Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine.
Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the sphincters.
Cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are associated with slow wave potentials.
Contractions of the smooth muscle depend on calcium entry in the cell.
Which of the following statements is true?
Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter.
Fructose moves across the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion..
Glucose and galactose use same GLUT2 transporters on basolateral membrane for absorption.
A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves fructose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.
Cavity that mechanically break the food and starts carbohydrates digestion.
mouth
Organ forms the chyme and starts the chemical digestion of proteins.
stomach
Control the defecation.
anus
Responsible for finishing the chemical digestion of the nutrients.
duodenum
Dehydration and solidify the nondigested foods
large intestine
Absorption of the nutrients, hydration of the chyme
small intestine
Store the digestive waste and finish the dehydration of feces.
rectum
Oral amylase
digest carbohydrates in the mouth
Pepsin
digests proteins in the stomach
Bile
emulsifies the fat
Pancreatic Amylase
digests carbohydrates in the duodenum
Peptidase
digests the proteins in the duodenum
Lipase
digest lipids in the duodenum
The fate glucose absorbed in small intestine..
30% used by the liver to make glycogen
70% distributed to the other organs to produce energy.
True for the bile...
secreted by hepatocytes
Functions of the large intestine include...
resorption of water and compaction of feces
In the digestive system, HCl is released by __________, whereas HCO3-is secreted primarily from the __________.
parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the...
small intestine
Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by...
salivary glands into the mouth
the pancreas into the intestine.
When eaten, nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of...
triglycerides
Secretin
stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
CCK (cholecystokinin)
stimulates gall bladder to release bile
Gastrin
stimulates gastric acid secretion
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
stimulates insulin release, inhibits gastric emptying
Motilin
stimulates migrating motor complex
Which is correct?
rougher the food, the better for your stomach.
we feed the cells.
GI tract belongs to external environment
Under influence of the sympathetic nervous system...
The internal sphincter closes and rectum relaxes
Final defecation act is controlled by
somatic nervous system
Functions of the kidneys...
regulation of extracellular fluid volume
maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
regulation of blood osmolarity
homeostatic regulation of blood pressure.
The female urinary system develops urinary tract infection because...
Female urethra is shorter that the male.
The urinary organs are...
Located retroperitoneally.
Hold in place by adipose tissue.
Held by major renal blood vessels.
The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of...
urobilinogen.
After these processes the urine is produced by...
Filtration of the blood.
Reabsorption of the filtrate..
Concentration of urine.
Secretion of wastes products from the blood.
Technically, the kidneys are located
behind the peritoneal membrane.
Which statement is NOT true?
As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.
A glomerulus is...
a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the...
distal tubule.
The glomerulus will be capable to filter _______% of the blood...
20
The quantity of the blood that leaves the glomerulus to the efferent arteriole is_-_____%
80% of the total blood that arrive in the glomerulus.
The total % of the filtrate or plasma reabsorbed back or returned to the systemic circulation is...
99
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are...
Not filtered, not reabsorbed.
Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
The positive force for glomerular filtration is the...
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
The primary function of the proximal tubule is...
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
Glucose and water are reabsorbed by...
symport with sodium.
movement from the glomerular capillaries to the proximal tubule
filtration
movement from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries.
reabsorption
movement from the blood capillaries to the tubules
secretion
product from the collecting tubule to the calyces
urine
movement from the urethra to external environment
excretion
When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be...
excreted.
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases...
the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow.
the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure
The negative force that will oppose the filtration in the glomerulus...
Glomerular osmotic pressure.
Capsular hydrostatic pressure.
True for gromerular fitration rate (GFR)...
Volume of the fluid that filters into Bowman's capsule per unit of the time.
It is 125mL/min.
The autonomic nervous system can modify the GFR..
The total plasma volume circulates 60 times /day in the kidneys.
True about myogenic response...
When the afferent arterioles constrict the GFR decreases
When the afferent arterioles dilates due to increase high blood pressure the GFR increases.
When the blood pressure decreases the GFR diminishes
The glucose reabsorbs with Na+ in a process we call
Symport.
The reabsorption of Na+ is considered...
Active.
Urea is...
completely eliminated in the urine.
In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+concentration __________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.
is much higher than
The filtration barriers in the corpuscle...
Capillary endothelium.
Basement membrane.
Epithelium of the bowman's capsule.
Podocyte
Which of these barriers are made of fenestrated capillaries?
Capillary endothelium.
Which is not function of mesanglial cells...
Reabsorb filtrate.
Most of the glucose is reabsorbed in the...
Proximal convoluted tube.
What about the clearance of a solute?
The rate at which the solute disapprears from the blood.
Use creatinine to estimate the clearance.
The creatinine is easy to measure form blood sample.
Can determine how long the solute or medication lasts in the body.
The function of the loop of Henle is to...
Concentrate the urine.
To lower the osmotic pressure in the distal convoluted tubule.
Countercurrent multiplier.
Place for vasa recta capillaries.
The filtrate is called urine and from there it will not change at...
The end of the collecting tubule
Not true for the juxtaglomerular apparatus....
Secretes multiple paracrines hormones like nitric oxide, adenosine, and ATP.
The bladder wall is made of this (ese) formations.
Serosa membrane part of the peritoneal parietal membrane.
Smooth muscle called detrusor muscle.
Mucosa layer made of transitional epithelial cells.
Two ureteral openings
Internal sphincter of the urinary urethra.
Stimulated by sympathetic system to close.
Stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system to contract.
Initiate the urgency to be prepared for urination..
Infants need to be trained to control the urination.
Calculate the net filtration.
Hydrostatic Pressure (PH): blood Pressure. = 60mm Hg
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure () = 30 mmHg
Capsular Hydrostatic fluid pressure (Pfluid) = 10 mmHg
20
Calculate the GFR with given values:
Urine concentration rate is 40 mg/ml urine.
The urine flow rate 2 ml/ min.
Plasma concentration 0.20 mg/ml.
400
The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical __________ and a basolateral __________.
symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier
One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient. Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal. Later, however, the active transport of Na+and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located. What substance is this?
urea
Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?
24 mm Hg
In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
Which formation is shared by reproductive and urinary system in males?
Urethra.
The juxtamedullary nephrons are developed in these types of beings...
Living in the desert.
If a healthy brother gives a kidney to a brother suffering of kidneys failure, what will be the consequences.
The donor will feel healthy and experience more binding with his brother.
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