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BSC2085 Exam 4 Study Guide

Terms in this set (90)

The nerves that supply the upper limbs emerge from the spinal cord at the _______ level.
cervical
This spinal cord tract carries information about position and movement of the lower extremities to the brain.
gracile fasciculus
During childbirth, some women receive anesthetics injected into what space to block pain signals from the pelvic region?
epidural space
T/F: The white matter provides pathways that conduct both motor and sensory information up and down the cord.
True
T/F: The spinal cord has a lumbar enlargement because the diameter of the vertebral canal is larger in the lumbar region.
False
T/F: The tapered end of the spinal cord is called the filum terminale.
False
T/F: In the spinal cord, fasciculi are found w/in funiculi.
True
Which of the following tracts carries sensory information from temperature receptors?
a. spinothalamic tract
b. dorsal spinocerebellar tract
c. fasciculus cuneatus
d. fasciculus gracilis
a, spinothalamic tract
What tract carries motor signals to limb muscles maintaining balance?
vestibulospinal tract
This area of the meninges has many smaller blood vessels and closely adheres to the outer surface of the CNS:
pia mater
The _____ tracts carry sensory signals from the limb and trunk muscle to the cerebellum.
spinocerebellar
T/F: The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of afferent neurons that bring sensory signals to the spinal cord.
True
Which branch of each spinal nerve gives rise to the nerves of the extremities?
ventral ramus
T/F: Glandular secretions and contractions of all three types of muscle and glandular secretions can be controlled by a reflux.
True
T/F: Alpha motor neurons innervate the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle.
False
Pulling your hand off of a hot stove is an example of a
flexor reflex
Sensory neurons enter the spinal nerve cord at the
dorsal horns
Which plexus has a motor branch that controls the diaphragm?
cervical
This plexus has sensory fibers coming from the genitalia and motor fibers that control the quadriceps muscles:
lumbar
What is the conduction sequence of the reflex arc?
receptor, afferent nerve, interneuron, efferent nerve, muscle
The falx cerebri, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres, is in fact part of the:
dura mater
This cranial nerve brings in information about equilibrium:
vestibulocochlear
T/F: When evaluating an EEG of an adult who is awake, the presence of theta waves would be a normal finding.
False
T/F: the primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.
True
T/F: The parietal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the transverse sulcus.
False
T/F: All parts of the CNS have a cerebrospinal fluid-filled space at their center
True
T/F: The nervous system develops from the mesodermal germ layer of the embryo.
False
In the embryo, the cerebral hemispheres develop from which secondary vesicles?
telencephalon
T/F: The venous sinuses that are formed b/w two layers of dura mater collect blood that has circulated through the brain.
True
Which of the following statements concerning the blood-brain barrier is false?
a. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the basement membrane and tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries.
b. The blood-brain barrier is permeable to glucose, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics.
c. Where the blood-brain barrier is absent, HIV can enter the brain.
d. The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to water, and prevents dehydration from affecting the brain.
d. The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to water, and prevents dehydration from affecting the brain.
Which part of the brainstem contains a cardiac center, vasomotor center, and two respiratory centers?
medulla oblongata
What part of the brainstem is involved in smoothing muscular contractions, coordinating eye and body movements, and learning and coordinating motor skills?
cerebellum
T/F: Nearly all sensory information synapses in the thalamus.
True
Hunger and satiety centers are found at the
hypothalamus
What lobe of the cerebral hemispheres is the center of visual sensation?
occipital lobe
Which type of fiber tract w/in the brain crosses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other?
commissural tracts
T/F: An EKG is a recording of brain waves.
False
T/F: The primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex is the gray matter of the precentral gyrus.
False
T/F: Areas requiring more control, such as the hands, have larger areas of motor cortex to control them.
True
T/F: Broca's area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for recognition of spoken and written language.
False
The cerebrum develops most specifically from the:
telencephalon
The BBB is primarily formed by the:
capillary cells
The section of the brain contains centers to control respiration:
medulla oblongata
This area of the brain contains nuclei that control arousal, habituation, and pain modulation:
reticular formation
All sensory information except for olfaction comes through this area:
thalamus
If you are thinking about a special song right now, you are most likely to be using this lobe of the cerebral cortex:
temporal
Your stroke patient can understand you when you give her either a written or verbal command, but she has nonfluent aphasia. What specific area of the brain is damaged?
Broca's area
If the hippocampus were impaired, what mental function would most notably be lost?
remembering facts
The chorda tympani is a branch of the _______ cranial nerve and carries the sensation of _______.
facial; taste
A drooping eyelid and dilated pupil would probably indicate a problem with which cranial nerve?
oculomotor nerve
This purely sensory cranial nerve does not send its information to the thalamus:
olfactory
This large cranial nerve has three major divisions:
trigeminal
This cranial nerve arises from the pons.
trigeminal
The amino acids glutamate and aspartate activate this primary taste sensation:
umami
Which papillae do not contain taste buds?
filiform
T/F: High pitched sounds will cause vibration of the basilar membrane most vigorously at the helicotrema.
False
T/F: The vitreous body fills the space behind the lens of the eye and contributes most to the globe-like appearance of the eyeball.
True
T/F: Both the cornea and the lens are capable of refraction, but only the lens is capable of focusing light.
True
Tonic receptors adapt slowly. Which of the following are tonic recptors?
a. smell receptors
b. proprioceptors
c. meissner's corpuscles
d. pacinian corpuscles
b. proprioceptors
Which of the following are pain receptors?
a. interoceptors
b. nociceptors
c. thermoreceptors
d. photoreceptors
b. nociceptors
What type of receptor responds to high frequency vibration?
lamellated corpuscles
T/F: Sharp, stabbing pain is perceived to be different from a dull, chronic pain because two different types of pain receptors and pain fibers exist.
True
T/F: Taste cells are epithelial cells, not neurons.
True
T/F: Women are more sensitive to odors than men are.
True
T/F: Olfactory cells are neurons, whereas taste cells are not.
True
Mitral cells and tufted cells are found in the
olfactory bulb
What is the threshold for pain caused by loud sounds?
120 to 140 dB
The middle ear cavity is an air-filled chamber in which bone of the skull?
temporal
T/F: The function of the inner hair cells is to adjust the response of the cochlea to different frequencies and enable the outer hair cells to work with greater precision.
False
T/F: In response to a loud noise, the stapedius muscle contracts and tenses the eardrum.
False
T/F: The occipital lobe is the site of conscious perception of sound.
false
Otoliths are found in the
macula
Which of the following is not an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball?
a. lateral rectus muscle
b. inferior oblique muscle
c. pupillary dilator muscle
d. superior rectus muscle
c. pupillary dilator muscle
The posterior chamber of the eyeball is found in between the lens and the
iris
The visual pigment of the rods is called rhodopsin. It consists of a protein called opsin and a vitamin ___ derivative called retinal.
A
T/F: Cone cells regenerate half of their pigment in about 90 seconds, while rod cells require 5 minutes to regenerate 50 % of their bleached rhodopsin.
True
Because 600 rod cells converge on each bipolar cell and many bipolar cells converge on each ganglion cell, we have:
high sensitivity of rod cells in dim light
What general class of sense receptors detects pain specifically?
nociceptors
What type of encapsulated nerve endings are proprioceptors?
Ruffini corpuscles
Afferent impulses reach the somesthetic cortex from the thalamus via the
third-order neurons
W/in the CNS, the neurotransmitter most well known for transmitting pain messages specifically is
substance P
A person experiencing pain around the shoulders or neck may actually be having problems with their lungs or diaphragm. This "misplacement" of the pain by the conscious mind is called:
referred pain
Pain signals may be blocked by special neurotransmitters in the brain itself. An example of such a chemical produced during exercise is
endorphin
People are most sensitive to this type of flavor b/c poisons often have this flavor:
bitter
Sensory adaptation occurs most rapidly with this sense:
smell
Which of the following is the most correct order of sound transmission?
a. tympanum > ossicles > basilar membrane > scala vestibuli
b. ossicles > tympanum > basilar membrane > scala vestibuli
c. tympanum > ossicles > scala vestibuli > basilar membrane
d. scala vestibuli > ossicles > tympanum > basilar membrane
e. tympanum > scala vestibuli > cochlear duct > ossicles
c. tympanum > ossicles > scala vestibuli > basilar membrane
Focusing on a nearby object requires
accommodation
When light strikes a rod cell
the outer segment sodium channels close
You have been cooking on a stove for the last several hours. After turning off the burner, you accidentally place your hand on top of that burner as you reach for something else. What receptors will sense that hot, painful stimulus?
a. Merkel's disks
b. free nerve endings
c. Golgi tendon organs
d. Meissner's corpuscles
e. Ruffini's corpuscles
b. nerve endings
Which of the following is found in the rod but not the cone?
a. rhodopsin
b. photopsin
c. inner segment
d. membranous discs in the outer segment
a. rhodpsin
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