Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

A&P LECTURE CH 11 + 12 SMARTBOOK

Terms in this set (64)

In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels?
On the sarcolemma
What happens when calcium ions bind to troponin?
Tropomyosin moves off the active site on actin.
What occurs when calcium binds to troponin?
The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites).
Where does the end-plate potential occur?
Motor end plate
When a muscle lengthens, the collagenous components protect the muscle because they resist which of the following?
Stretching
When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens and ______ ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell.
sodium
What regulatory protein is associated with the thick filament of smooth muscle and activates myosin light-chain kinase?
Calmodulin
What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?
Isometric
In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from?
Increased potassium
In contrast to the action potential, the ______ potential causes the opening of ion channels, which results in the initial movement of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction. If continued, this in turn can trigger an action potential at the neighboring sarcolemma.
END PLATE POTENTIAL
When a muscle relaxes, elastic recoil of the collagen helps to return the muscle to its resting
LENGTH
What are two contractile proteins found in a myofibril?
myosin and actin
In which situation would mechanically-regulated calcium gates in smooth muscle cells open?
The tissue is stretched
Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called
Striations
Which stem cells fuse to form a muscle fiber?
myoblasts
Which cells help regenerate damaged skeletal muscle?
Satellite cells
When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?
ISOMETRIC
The dark bands in the striations of skeletal muscle are called ______ bands and they represent the ______.
A, overlap of actin and myosin
What is the function of a T tubule?
T tubules carry the action potential through the sarcoplasm.
The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______.
CONTRACTION
During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites?
Relaxation
You are studying muscle twitches. Your electrode delivers a fixed discharge voltage. How could you generate a stronger twitch using this electrode?
Increase the frequency of stimulation
Lactic acid and a small amount of ATP are produced during which process?
Anaerobic fermentation
What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?
Isometric
Which fascicle arrangement produces the weakest muscle?
CIRCULAR
When a muscle lengthens, the collagenous components protect the muscle because they resist which of the following?
Stretching
Which muscle tissue is capable of mitosis and hyperplasia?
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Which are not attached to bones?
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
What is the function of T-tubules?
To stimulate the terminal cisternae to release calcium
Gated channels in the sarcoplasmic membrane open to release which ions into the cytosol?
CALCIUM
True or false: Anaerobic fermentation produces the same amount of ATP as aerobic respiration.
FALSE
Muscle that are larger can generate ______ strength than those that are smaller.
MORE
Infoldings of the sarcolemma, called transverse tubules, are associated with two terminal cisternae, forming a unit called a
triad
Which membranous structures conduct impulses through the sarcoplasm to stimulate the release of calcium?
T TUBULES
What happens to the sarcoplasmic reticulum when a skeletal myofiber is first stimulated?
Calcium is released into the sarcoplasm through gated channels
Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?
MYOSIN
Which of the following are found in thin filaments?
F actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Elastic filaments in a myofibril are made of which protein?
TITIN
Multipolar neurons
One axon; multiple dendrites
Bipolar neurons
One axon; one dendrite
Unipolar neurons
A single process
Anaxonic neurons
No axon; multiple dendrites
At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels, resulting in a slight local accumulation of positive charge on the outside of the membrane (due to excess K+) and a slight local accumulation of negative charge on the inside of the membrane (due to decreased K+). This describes the basis of the
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Motor, or ______ neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).
EFFERENT
Which type of neuron has one single process that branches like a T into a peripheral fiber and a central fiber?
Unipolar
Long-term potentiation may be involved in long-term memory. The molecular changes that occur in long-term potentiation include which of the following?
Entrance of calcium into the dendrite
Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors
The release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release
Which lists the structural categories of neurons?
Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar
The glial cells that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid are ______.
ependymal cells
Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following?
Carry signals to spinal cord and brain
True or false: As long as there is an electrical potential across a cell membrane, we say that the membrane is polarized.
True
Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma?
Local potentials
Which process of a neuron is specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals to structures relatively far away from the neuron cell body?
AXON
Which neurotransmitters produce EPSPs?
Aspartate
Glutamate
Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as ______ neurons.
UNIPOLAR
Which may be the basis for learning and long-term memory at the neuronal level?
LONG TERM POTENTIATION
Which are types of long-term memory?
Declarative
Procedural
Which are characteristics of local potentials?
Graded
Decremental
Which neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
What type of output will occur when a parallel after-discharge circuit is stimulated?
Output will last longer than the stimulus lasts.
Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what?
LONG TERM MEMORY
Long-term potentiation may be involved in long-term memory. The molecular changes that occur in long-term potentiation include which of the following?
The release of nitric oxide which triggers more glutamate release
Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors
Entrance of calcium into the dendrite
Which glial cell produces and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
Which type of neuron has one single process that branches like a T into a peripheral fiber and a central fiber?
UNIPOLAR
What type of output will occur when a parallel after-discharge circuit is stimulated?
...
Other sets by this creator