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RAD 110- Patient Care Chapter 9 Infection Control

Terms in this set (30)

sic, transmission of disease, infection

too small to be seen
cause disease
essential for wellbeing
microbial flora
hospital is a gathering place for the ---, so ---- can occur; --- control is vital

microorganisms are:

but most microorganisms do not:

and are essential for ---- and this type is called:
microbial (normal) flora

well-being

pathogens

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, prions, fungi
microorganisms that live in your body without causing disease; most microorganisms are this

these are essential for -----

microorganisms that are microbes that cause infectious disease are called:

types of microorganisms pathogens:
independently, does not need host to replicate

shapes

spherical = cocci
rod shaped= bacilli
spiral= sparilla (or spirochetes)

name of their class, subclass
bacteria grows:
classified by:
types of classifications:

often, bacteria referred to simply by the --- or ---
bacteria, cell wall, atypical nucleus, membrane

cell wall

cocci
bacilli
---- is small singled celled organisms with a ---- and a ----- that lacks a-----;

the ---- is essential for survival of bacterium making it the target for destruction by some antibiotics

--- exist in groups of 2 in long chains or clusters
---- exist in single cells, in pairs, or in chains
retain dye when treated with alcohol
alcohol washes off the dye

stained, heated, treated with acid alcohol to remove stain (decolorization)

resists decolorization
decolorization occurs

TB
staphylococci, streptococci
escherichia coli
classify bacteria further through staining process:
gram positive:
gram negative:

process to determine acid fast/nonacid fast:

acid fast:
nonacid fast:

---- is an example of acid fast
---- example of gram positive
---- example gram negative
obligate aerobes

anaerobes

facultative organisms
bacteria that requires oxygen to grow:

bacteria that will not grow in presence of oxygen:

will adapt with or without oxygen:
resistant form of bacteria produced within cell when environmental condition unfavorable

soil (but can reside anywhere)

destruction

viable for many years
some bacteria can generate endospores which are:

most live in:
can be resistant to:
endospores can remain:
mutate, adapt under new conditions; slightly different genetic forms to resist and survive antimicrobial drugs

TB, strep throat, lime disease
bacteria can ----, which means

ex diseases caused by bacteria:
atypical bacteria, only grows in animal cells

animal bites through ticks, flees, mites

rocky mountain spotted fever
what is rickettsia:

past through:

example of disease caused by this bacteria:
subcellular organism, among smallest disease causing organism

virion

dna, rna, outer protein coating called a capsid

on their own, capsid

covid, fluenza, hiv, hep b, shingles
what is a virus:

a fully developed viral particle is known as a:

made up of --- and --- which is protected by ---;

they cannot survive ----, so they are protected by a ----- which has projecting spikes

examples:
invade a host cell
antiviral drugs
viruses cannot survive on their own. they --- for which its specificity stimulates it to participate in the formation of additional virus particles

they use the host cell to replicate, which makes it difficult to create ----- that are not harmful to the host cell; mutate rapidly, become resistant
single celled yeast or long branched molds

bud forming (yeast), spore formation (mold)

athlete's foot, ring worm
fungi is a ------

reproduce by:

examples:
least understood

infectious proteins

deterioration of the nervous system

more prions

mad cow disease, creuzfeldt jakob disease

corneal transplants (infected), infected meat
prions are the ---- of all pathogens:

scientists believe that they may be:

function:

they turn health proteins in nerve cells to ----; they are resistant to the body's natural processes

examples:

believed caused by:
single celled animals, free living organism

movements, motile, nonmotile

flagella, cilia, pseudopods

malaria
protozoa are complex ---- that exist as a

can be classified based on their ---- as -- or---

some move by changing shape examples like ---- (whip like formations), ---- (fine hairlike projections), or ---- (false feet)

protozoa example:
need all things for infection to spread

infectious organism, reservoir of infection, portal of exit, susceptible host, portal of entry, means of transport organism from resoviour to susceptible host
what is the cycle of infection:
what are the steps:
pathogen

virulence factors

destroy rbc, wbc, activate enzymes in host cell, secrete toxins to kill/injure host cells

diphtheria, pertussis, typhoid fever
1- infectious organism:

microorganism capable of causing disease are called --

----distinguish them from nonpathogenic organisms or normal flora; enable bacteria to destroy or damage host cells, resist destruction by host cell defenses

what do pathogens do:

examples:
confined to their usual environment, when individual resistance weakened, broad spectrum of antibiotics disrupt ecological balance of resident flora

respiratory diseases, aids
normal flora are capable of causing disease when they are not

example:
place for the pathogen to thrive

moist, nutrients, suitable temp



carriers

typhoid mary, typhoid

aids
2- reservoir infection

what is it

conditions need to be



some pathogens live in bodies of healthy people without causing apparent disease; they can pass on the disease without knowing it; they are known as:

example of this was ----, and she was a food handler who gave ----- to all the army soldiers

example:---- being spread through dirty needles or intercourse
reduced natural resistance to infection

nosocomial infection (aka healthcare/hospital associated infection(HAI))

10; 80,000

washing hands between patients, changing pillow cases, wipe down equipment
3- susceptible host:

need patients who have:

---- hospital acquired infections

----% of patients develop HAI infections; ---- patients die a year with HAI infections

prevent this by:
HAI: hospital acquired infection, healthcare

methacillian resistant staphylococcus auras
multidrug resistant infection
difficult, antibiotics
nosocomial infection also called

MRSA:
what is it:
--- to treat because the patient overly used----
healthcare workers
Hep B
Hep B,C
HAI infections pose a risk to ----

that's why they require ----- vaccine

--- and --- are biggest concern of HAI infections because they are spread by blood and blood products
employees to make sure work in safe environment
Hep B vaccines available for workers
eat healthy, exercise, sleep
OSHA looks out for:

OSHA mandated:

in health field, you want to take care of self by:
transmission

airborne, direct contact, droplet contamination, fomites, vehicles, vectors
4- transmission of disease

direct way to prevent infection is to prevent ----

ways to transmit disease:
host touched by infected person in direct contact with infected tissue
hiv, syphillis

object in contact with pathogenic organism
if drop sterile tool in OR

insect that bites and transmits diesease
flee (bubonic plague), ticks (lime disease)
direct contact:
ex:

fomites:
ex:

vector:
ex:
medium that transports microorganisms
food, water, drugs, blood

from dust containing spores
smaller than 5 microns
TB must wear special mask

infection caused when cough/sneeze in vicinity
do not rub eyes
influenza
vehicle:
ex:

airbourne:
size:
type of disease:

droplet:
prevent:
type of disease:
blood, body fluid, secretions
wound, bloodstream, respiratory/urinary/gastrointestinal tracts

susceptible host
open wound, break in skin, mucous membrane eyes
5- portal of exit
exiting from human body from ---, ---, ----
from:

6- portal of entry
route which microorganism gain access into ---
from:
mechanical, skin, mucus membrane, cuts, abrasions

lysozymes

inflammatory, phagocytosis
natural resistance is a ---- barrier like the --- or ---; so if you have a ---- or ---, microorganisms can pass into tissues causing increased risk of infection

chemicals, such as ----, in human tears and acids in stomach, vagina, skin, destroy invading microorganisms;

---- response can cause increase blood flow to site, invasion wbc into tissue to engulphed microbes by ----
interferons

vaccines

antigen

antibodies
--- are small protein molecules that protect uninfected cells in body from invasion

--- dead strain of the microbe that is purposely put in body to form antibodies against it

---- foreign protein substance that enters the body causes antibodies to be formed

--- are immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes in response to microbes
acquired
passive
if a person is given a vaccine and it produced antibodies what type of immunity do they have

breast feeding is a type of what immunity
you are born with
long, antibodies, vaccines

preformed, short
fetus antibodies passed in utero from mom, breastfed
acquired immunity is immunity -----; state of being resistant to a specific infection; this is --- term because you have --- in your system; ex:

passive immunity is following an injection of a ---- antibody into the body; this gives --- term immunity; ex:
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