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History Final Exam

Terms in this set (20)

White Revolution (1963)
The shah began this reform policy in 1963 at the instigation of US advisors; the aim was to build up industry, liberate women, establish civil law codes in place of religious laws and carry out land reform
Iran-Iraq War
Iraq regained last territory, and a cease fire agreement was signed ending the war in a stalemate in 1985
Six-day War
1967-Syria and Israel had a argument over control of Jordan River, Nasser amassed Egyptian troops using along with Israeli border, but the Israelis struck preemptively and very successfully.
Israel took the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and Jerusalem, the disputed occupied territories with a majority Arab population but now under Israeli control
OPEC Oil Embargo (1973)
On October 17, 1973, Arab oil producers declared an embargo that drastically limited the shipment of oil to the United States.
These producers, members of a cartel known as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), enforced the embargo in response to the Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Led the Iran's Islamic Revolution
Muhammad Mossadeq
Elected to the Iranian Parliament in 1951, led opposition to the Shah and forced the nationalization of oil. The US and British responded with an embargo against Iranian oil. which began to hurt the economy.
Iran's Islamic Revolution (1979)
1979- In January Iran entered a period of prolonged conflict with street battles between militant youth and Shah's armed forces. The growth of religious opposition led by Ayatollah Khomeini and the Ulama (Islamic Clerics)
Roots of the 1st Gulf War
Iran and Iraq were devastated by their long conflict; Iraq had taken out $60 billion in loans total from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Hussein hoped to rebuild Iraq's economy by convincing OPEC to lower production and raise prices, but Saudi Arabia and Kuwait rejected Hussein's 1990 proposals to decrease oil production.
Suez Canal Crisis (1952-56)
In 1952 Arab nationalist Gamal Nasser took power in Egypt; in 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal. In response Britain,France, and Israel planned a strike against Egypt
"Operation Ajax" (1953)
In 1953 the operation ousted Mossadeq and strengthened the Shah's power
Roots of the Arab Spring
In the political realm there was growing disenchantment in the region with long-ruling corrupt, secularist dictatorial regimes with opposition coming both from secularists and Islamist. High youth unemployment and a 2010 spike in prices for basic foodstuffs also contributed greatly to the outbreak of the Arab Spring
Israeli Independence (1948)
1948-Britain withdrew in 1947, leaving Palestine in a civil war between Jews and Arabs; the UN proposed partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states but the Arabs rejected the proposal.
In April 1948 a Jewish terrorist group attacked the Arab village and in May Jewish leaders declared independence in territory they controlled.
Saddam Husseini (1979-80)
The fifth President of Iraq. After Iran's 1979 Islamic (Shia) Revolution Hussein resurrected disagreements with Iran over control of the Shatt-al-Arab waterway and Iraq invaded Iran in 1980
Zionist Movement
In the 19th century Jews in Eastern Europe created the Zionist Movement, led by Theodore Herzl, to re-establish their homeland in Palestine.
The movement raised money among European Jew through the Jewish National Fund and gradually brought up land in Palestine from absentee (Arab) land lords.
1973 War
Anwar Sadat replaced Nasser when he died in 1970 and Egypt along with Syria attacked Israel in Oct 1973; OPEC impressed an oil embargo on the US and its allies because of their support of Israel.
It showed that the Arabs could militarily threatened Israel's existence, thus increasing the impetus for a peaceful settlement to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
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