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Respiratory system, Anatomy and Physiology III Test 1

Terms in this set (65)

How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
What is the purpose of pleural fluid?
To lubricate and decrease friction during movement
What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?
The conducting zone and respiratory zone
What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?
The conducting zone is used to cleanse, humidify and warm incoming air.
The respiratory zone is used to exchange gases.
What is pulmonary ventilation?
process of moving air into and out of the lungs
What is external respiration?
gas exchange between lungs and blood
How do respiratory gases travel through the body?
The blood
What is internal respiration?
gas exchange between the blood and tissues
What creates the pressure gradient within the respiratory system?
The pleurae cavity and pleural fluid
What is the name of the epithelium that's located in the respiratory system?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)
What is the purpose of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ?
It's purpose is to warm and moisten incoming air, by also filtering and cleaning the air that enters the respiratory tract by trapping foreign particles that enter the nasal airway.
What are the three parts of the pharynx ?
The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Which epithelium lines the nasopharynx ?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which part of the pharynx is closed off by the Vulva?
The nasopharynx
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?
nasopharynx
Where are the auditory tubes located?
nasopharynx
What is the function of the oropharynx?
passageway for food and air
What epithelium is located in the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium (StSE)
Where are the lingual and palatine tonsils located ?
oropharynx
What is the function of the laryngopharynx ?
Serves as a common passageway for food and air to the esophagus
Which epithelium is the laryngopharynx lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium (StSE)
Which structure serves as the voice box ?
The larynx
Which epithelium is the larynx lined with?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the glottis ?
space between the vocal folds
What is the epiglottis?
It is a flap of tissue that guards the glottis, and directs food and drinks to the esophagus
Which epithelium is located in the trachea?
The trachea contains hyaline cartilage rings that form into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium leading into the primary bronchi.
What are the parts of the bronchial tree?
Primary bronchi,
Secondary bronchi,
Tertiary bronchi,
Bronchi,
Bronchioles,
Terminal bronchioles,
Respiratory bronchioles,
And Alveoli
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is used during bronchodilation?
The sympathetic division
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is used during bronchoconstriction ?
The parasympathetic division. Can happen during allergic reactions or asthma
What structural changes happen in the bronchial tree?
The hyaline cartilage rings become plates and turn into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE), then that tissue forms into simple cuboidal epithelium with fewer cilia and no mucous cells at the bronchioles. Smooth muscle also forms and increases to control the bronchioles
Which way do gases flow in alveoli ?
From high partial pressure to low partial pressure
What is the function of surfactant ?
Decreases surface tension of water on alveoli
True or false: alveoli contain cilia
False
What epithelium are alveoli made mostly of?
simple squamous epithelium
Which cells secrete surfactant ?
Septal cells, which are round cuboidal cells also known as type II cells and are located in alveoli
True or false: alveoli contains macrophages
True
Which of the following describes what happens in the internal respiration step of respiration

A. CO2 diffusing from the blood into the alveoli
B. O2 diffusing from the alveoli to the blood
C. O2 diffusing out the blood to the cells of the body
D. Respiratory gases moving through the conducting zone to the alveoli
C. O2 diffusing out of the blood to the cells of the body
Which of these structures is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Alveoli
D. Nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Pick the option that lists the correct pathways in the bronchial tree IN ORDER from largest to smallest

A. Trachea, alveolar duct, lungs
B. Bronchioles, veins, alveoli
C. Terminal bronchioles, bronchioles, bronchi
D. Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
D. Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
What do cilia do in the respiratory tract

A. Secrete mucus
B. Relax smooth muscle
C. Sweep particles and mucus out of the airway
D. Build the cartilage rings in the trachea
C. Sweep Particles and mucus out of the airway
Match the Anatomical Structure to the Function

This is the airway/opening that houses the vocal chords
These are masses of lymphoid tissue
These structures are the individual tiny air pockets in the lungs made of simple squamous epithelium
A flap of tissue that prevents food and drink from entering into the trachea and guards the airway
These are small tubes in the lungs that are considered the start of the respiratory zone, groups of alveoli are attached to these tubes
This opens into the nasopharynx and allows you to "pop" your ears
These structures are found in the upper respiratory system, help filter incoming particles, and humidify incoming air
Glottis
Tonsils
Alveoli
Epiglottis
Respiratory bronchiole
Pharyngotympanic tube opening
Nasal Conchae
Which sentence is the BEST description of what the respiratory membrane is

A. The general term for any membrane lining any part of the respiratory system, including the alveoli, the mucosa of the trachea, and the pleura
B. The fused tissue between the alveolar epithelial cells, the pulmonary capillary cells, and the connective tissue (basement membrane) fused between them
C. The fused tissue of the systemic capillaries and the cells of body tissues
D. The region of the respiratory system that is circulatory only (i.e. capillaries of the tissue or lungs)
B.
The fused tissue between the alveolar epithelial cells, the pulmonary capillary cells, and the connective tissue (basement membrane) fused between them
Which of the following parts of the RS are NOT considered to be a part of the conducting zone

A. Trachea
B. Pharynx
C. Alveoli
D. Nasal Cavity
C. Alveoli
The Nasopharynx contains

A. The palatine tonsil
B. the pharyngotympanic tube opening
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. The lingual tonsil
B. The pharyngotympanic tube opening
Which region of the pharynx is a passageway for AIR ONLY, not both air and food

A. The entire pharynx is a passageway for air and food
B. Laryngopharynx
C. Oropharynx
D. Nasopharynx
D. Nasopharynx
During expiration, pressure inside the lungs ______ relative to atmospheric pressure

A. Is cold
B. Decreases
C. Increases
D. Does not change
C. Increases
When the diaphragm relaxes:

A. The diaphragm is always contracted, it never relaxes
B. The thoracic cavity pressure decreases
C. The thoracic cavity pressure increases
D. The thoracic cavity pressure remains the same
E. The thoracic cavity volume remains the same
C. The thoracic cavity pressure increases
Which of the following is a primary muscle of respiration

A. Intercostals
B. Scalene
C. Deltoids
D. Sternocleidomastoid
A. Intercostals
Which of the following leads to decreased resistance to airflow during ventilation

A. A disorder that causes blockage to small passages in the lungs
B. Decreasing the diameter of the airway (i.e. narrowing the bronchioles)
C. Increasing the diameter of the airway (i.e. widening the bronchioles)
D. Bronchitis
C. Increasing the diameter of the airway
When the diaphragm contracts during _____, it pushes on the abdominal organs, creating _____ pressure to allow air into the lungs

A. Expiration, higher
B. Expiration, lower
C. Inspiration, lower
D. Inspiration, higher
C. Inspiration, lower
When the diaphragm relaxes:

A. The thoracic cavity volume increases
B. The thoracic cavity volume decreases
C. The thoracic Cavity volume remains the same
D. The person is inspiring
B. The thoracic cavity volume decreases
What is the most significant chemoreceptor in controlling the rate of respiration/ventilation

A. Stretch Receptors
B. O2
C. pH
D. CO2
D. CO2
T/F
The primary muscles of respiration contract during resting/quiet inspiration and expiration
False

Primary muscles are contracted in inspiration, respiratory muscles are not contracted in quiet expiration
Which of the following is NOT one of the usual 4 gasses in atmospheric air

A. Nitrogen
B. CO2
C. Helium
D. Oxygen
E. H2O vapor
C. Helium
Which of the following forces acts to keep the lungs open

A. The high surface tension of pleural fluid adheres the pleural membrane to the chest wall
B. The elastic recoil of the lungs acts to pull the alveoli open
C. The individual alveoli are held open by cartilage rings
D. The lung tissues are rigid and inflexible, and are kept open by a firm infrastructure
A. The high surface tension of pleural fluid adheres the pleural membrane to the chest wall
Increasing the volume of the lungs leads to ________ pressure in the lungs
Lower
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
1. Explain what the disorder is
2. What the symptoms are
3. What the cause or causes are
4. Any other major info such as how it is treated
1. The pressure inside your chest cavity destabilizes and one or both of your lungs fall in on themselves
2. Symptoms include pain, shortness of breath, and blue-ish skin
3. As stated before, this happens due to a destabilization of the pressure in your thoracic cavity. Air leaks into the pleural cavity. this air now pushes on the outside of the lung, causing it to collapse
4. It it's a major collapse, stab a hollow needle or tube between the ribs to allow the extra air to escape. Then seek professional help.
Please write a short paragraph (2-4 sentences) explaining how these two things are related. In your answer, you should address:

a) what happens in the chemical equation of cellular respiration (including what cellular respiration does for living things)
b) what the major purposes of the respiratory system are
1) cellular respiration= glucose + oxygen --> ATP (energy for the cell!) + H2O + CO2
2) major functions: bring in O2 (one of the components of that chemical equation) and get rid of CO2 (made by that equation)
Why is the PO2 and PCO2* of the alveoli the same as that of arterial blood? Or the PO2 and PCO2 the same in the tissues as in the venous blood? Explain.

recall that PO2 and PCO2 stand for "partial pressure of oxygen and CO2" respectively
Gas exchange only happens at the capillaries. This is because gases cannot diffuse through the thick walls of the arteries and veins, so partial pressure only changes at capillaries where gas is able to diffuse
List and briefly describe the 5 steps in pulmonary ventilation (breathing).
Pulmonary - pumping air in and out of lungs
External - gas exchange at blood/gas barrier
Transport - transportation of respiratory gases via circulatory system
Internal - gas exchange at tissues
Cellular - chemical reaction to produce ATP
PO2 is either at 40 or 100 mmHg (depending on where in the body)
PCO2 is either 40 or 45 mmHg (depending on where in the body)

Using the information and image above, answer the following questions:

1) What is the PO2 (Partial pressure of oxygen) of the lungs? Of tissues at rest?
2) What is the percent O2 saturation of hemoglobin at this PO2 of the lungs, and of the tissues at rest?
3) What does that mean in terms of most hemoglobin molecules at the lungs vs tissues? In other words, how many molecules of oxygen are most of the hemoglobin molecules carrying in the location of the lungs vs. tissues?
4) Approximately how much oxygen is being offloaded in the systemic circuit at rest?
5) In class, we discussed a hypothetical situation where most hemoglobin molecules released all four O2 molecules in resting tissues rather than one or two oxygen molecules.
Would a species with this hypothetical hemoglobin arrangement be able to exercise strenuously? Why or why not? Explain your answer for full points (note that questions 1-4 have number answers, for this one please write at least one sentence!)
1) 100 mmHg and 40 mmHg
2) ~98% and ~70%
3) 4 vs. 3
4) 25%
5) no because exercising uses a lot of O2 (hooray for cellular respiration providing ATP to do work!). So with just a small drop in Po2, humans can go from offloading 25% of their O2 to 70+%, meaning you can strenuously exercise without having to make new hemoglobin and you can get enough ATP. This hypothetical species uses up almost all of its O2 just resting, so there is little extra O2 it can add when it needs greater energy (like in exercise) and would not be able to do much exercise.
PO2 is either at 40 or 100 mmHg (depending on where in the body)
PCO2 is either 40 or 45 mmHg (depending on where in the body)


CO2 + H2O <-- --> H2CO3 <-- --> H+ + HCO3-
HHb + O2 <-- --> HbO2 + H+

Key: H2CO3= carbonic acid, HCO3-= bicarbonate, Hb= hemoglobin,


Using the picture and info above, please answer all of the following questions:

1) What are the partial pressures for CO2 and O2 in the alveoli and the blood above?
2) Which direction is oxygen diffusing? Which direction is CO2 diffusing?
3) the two chemical formulas above have been drawn with <-- --> arrows, indicating that the chemical reaction is reversible. Rewrite both equations with the arrows going the CORRECT direction for what is happening in the picture above (arrows either --> or <--)
4) The two chemical formulas above (one for hemoglobin carrying O2, the other for CO2 being converted to carbonic acid then bicarbonate) share a reagent, the H+ ion. Discuss how this H+ is "shared" and what the significance of the H+ is to these two reactions in the same blood cell.
1) alveoli Po2= 100 mmHg, alveoli CO2= 40 mmHg, blood Po2= 40 mmHg, blood CO2= 45 mmHg
2) O2 into blood, CO2 into lungs
3)
CO2 + H2O <-- H2CO3 <-- H+ + HCO3-
HHb + O2 --> HbO2 + H+
4) Heme must be bound to either H+ or O2; with Hb becoming HbO2 in the reaction above, H+ leaves. But H+ is a needed reagent/ingredient for bicarbonate to get converted to carbonic acid; you can't release the CO2 (to go into the lungs) without it!
The primary muscle used during resting inspiration is the
Diaphragm
How are air movements driven into and out of the lungs?
By pressure gradients relative to the atmosphere
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