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apes ch 1.5

Terms in this set (49)

how old is earth
4.6 billion years old
how long has life existed on earth
3.7 billion years
up until 12000 years ago we were mostly
scattered hunters and gathers
what are the three major cultural changes since then
agricultural revolution, industrial revolution, information globalization revolution
what effect does more energy needs, expansion of civilization, increased food supplies, and longer life expectancy have on the environment
greater resource use, pollution, and environmental degradation
slash and burning cultivation
cutting small sections down and burning them allowing for the ashes to fertilize the ground
what did hunters and gatherers do when the started to settle down
domestic wild animals and cultivate wild plants
agricultural revolution characteristics
used different sites for farming on a rotational cycle to allow nutrients in soil to replenish themselves
impact of environmental revolution
lack of machinery -> limited success -> limited population -> limited environmental impact
what replaced the problem of dwindling wood supplies
people started to depend on nonrenewable soured like coal and oil
the economy switched from local small productions to
large scale production of machine made products due to industrial medical revolution
effects of industrial revolution
trend in urbanization, factory towns grew into dirty cities w hazardous working conditions, increased soot caused people to die from air pollution
some effects of information globalization revolution
cell phones, radios, tv, automated databases, the internet
what's are the four eras of the environmental history of the us
tribal, frontier, conservation, environmental
10,000 years before the european explored in the 1600s how many people did tribal north america occupy
about 5-10 million tribal people
describe the frontier era
began in the early 1600s as european colonist began to settle in north america
low technology = ?
low impact
describe what the government did to tribes
they conquered tribes and took over their land, urged the spread of people across the continent
development ethic
the human race is and should be the master of nature the earth and its resources exist for our benefit and pleasure
work ethic
dictates that human beings should be busy creating continual change and that things are bigger, better, and faster represents progress which in itself is good
how long did the frontier era/development ethic last ?
prevailed for nearly 300 years
ralph waldo emerson
published nature (1836), an early critic of rampant economic development
who said that "this invasion of nature by trade with its money, it's credits, it's steam, it's railroads, threatens to upset the balance of man and nature"
ralph waldo emerson
henry david thoreau
write walden, which is about a year in which he lived in the country to have contact with nature's essential facts of life, wrote a book while living in concord massachusetts (1800s)
who said that we need to protect nature from "the vandalism of a few"
henry david thoureau
john muir
organized the sierra club, convinced the federal government to restrict the development in yosemite valley
who thought that "wilderness mirrors divinity nourishes humanity and vivifies the spirit" and argues that the government could save california's sequoia groves from the "ravages of fools"
john muir
aldo leopold
wrote a sand country almanac, worked towards the development of a wilderness policy and founded the field of game management
who said that "the amount of space and type of forage of a wildlife habitat determine the number of animals that can be supported" and "regulated hunting can maintain a proper balance of wildlife"
aldo leopold
rachel carson
wrote silent spring which dramatized the potential danger of pesticides to food, wildlife, and humans, lead to change in pesticide use for the united states
who wrote articles for the new yorker in 1969 which generated widespread discussion about pesticides
rachel carson
theodore roosevelt
a scientific conservationists, his term in office was called the golden ago of conservation
who passed the antiques act allowing him to set aside many large areas of land which would become national parks ( grand canyon, yellowstone)
theodore roosevelt
jimmy carter
tripled the amount of land in the national wilderness system
ronald regan
reduced budgets + staffs of conservation organizations, he also reduced funding for research towards renewable energy sources
environmental warnings in the 1960s
cuyahoga river caught on fire, passenger pigeon became extinct, foam from laundry detergent appeared in streams, air pollution killed people in new york
wilderness
areas with minimal human influence
when was the wilderness act passed
in 1964
when was the first annual earth day
on april 22 1970, to heighten awareness of environmental quality
when was the endangered species act passed
in 1973
when was the environmental protections agency established
in 1970
environmental awakening
a move during the 1960-70s to help conserve resources and to persevere the environment
CITES the united nations convention on international trade in endangered species
raises the issue of trade sanctions against china and taiwan if they do not try harder to halt the trade of rhinoceros and tiger parts
result of the 1989 exxon valdez spill
a rule called the valdez principles were developed so corporations could evaluate their responsibility
CERES coalition for environmentally responsible economics
an independent group of environmentalist and social investors (adopted valdez principles in 1992)
what were the valdez principles renamed
the CERES principles (which can be adopted voluntarily by businesses)
since the 1990s what has happened
there has been a push back towards resource conservation and against private energy
when was the OPEC oil embargo
in 1973
subsistence farmer
only grows what they need to feed their immediate family
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