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APWS exam 1

Terms in this set (41)

Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

Led to the development of more complex economic and social systems. Allowed populations to increase. Permanent agricultural villages emerged independently in Mesopotamia , the Nile River Valley , Sub Saharan Africa , The Indus River Valley , Mesoamerica, and The Andes

4 river valley civilizations

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China

Mesopotamia (River Valley Civilization)

Located : Modern IRAQ
4th Century BCE
-Natural Spring Floods could be violent and unpredictable
- People had a feeling of INSTABILITY & RELIANCE UPON RELIGION ( worshipped many Gods )
- Irrigation gave some control to people but the water was tamed through very hard work

Egypt ( River Valley Civilization )

aka "Gift Of Nile"
3150 BCE
- Protected by marshy ,swampy port & deserts to the east and west. Banks of the river support lush vegetation.
- Nile is one of the world's longest rivers. Would flood in a predictable & seasonal pattern.
-Because of this usually orderly flooding, most Egyptians viewed the world as a stable place ( unlike Mesopotamia, where flooding was often deadly.)

Indus Valley Civilization

Two major cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-daro , date back to 3300 BC
- Represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world.
- Extended from across Pakistan & NW India, with an upward reach from east of the Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to Kutch in modern Gijarat, India.

Huang He ( Yellow River ) Civilization
( China )

Shang had a fully developed system of writing, preserved on bronze inscriptions & small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones , but most prolifically on oracle bones

Zhou ( Yellow River ) Civilization ( China )

A later dynasty which developed a ruling system known as the mandate of heaven

What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilization?

-Civilizations had their roots in the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION which allowed communities to produce sufficient food surpluses to support large populations & the specialized or elite
- Need to organize for large scale IRRIGATION projects.
- The EFFORTS OF FAVORED GROUPS TO PROTECT THEIR PRIVILEGES
- The needs of WAREFARE
- Influence of TRADE
- Growing DENSITY OF POPULATION ( producing more congested and competitive societies
( a fundamental motor of change)

Persia (classical civilization)
Date
Location
System
Rulers
Amount of People
City

500 BCE , large & most impressive of worlds empires
- located on Iranian plateau north of Persian Gulf
- Imperial System inspired by Babylonian & Assyrian empires
-Cyrus ( 557 - 530 BCE )
-Darius ( 522 - 486 ) conquests reached from Egypt to India
- Persepolis
Empire contained 35-50 million people ( very diverse , many languages and cultural traditions )

Persia Political

Absolute monarch
Ruled by the will of great Persian god Ahura Mazda
Satraps = Persian governors who ruled in the provinces
- lower lever officials were drawn from local authorities

Persia - Infrastructure

- standardized coinage
- predictable taxes levied on each of the provinces
- dug canal linking Nile River and Red Sea
- Constructed a " Royal Road" 1,700 miles in length

Persian Religion

Zoroastrianism
1 god = Ahura Mazda
ruled world and was source of all truth light and goodness
engaged in cosmic struggle with the forces of evil
embodied in an equivalent supernatural figure ANGRA MAINYU

Greece ( classical civilization )
Date
Location
Religion

750 BCE
Greece
City States were divided by mountains and valleys
- Spoke same language and worshiped same Gods
- Believed in many deities and they each possessed human frailties
- Rivalry in larger cities states : Athens , Sparta , Thebes , Corinth

Ancient Greece: Athens & Democracy

-Debt slavery was abolished
- access to public office was opened to a wider group of men
- assembly became center of political life
- women , slaves ,and foreigners ( more than half of population were excluded from political population

2 kings
focused on military training
all males were soldiers
women had more freedom
school; 7-20 years old
harsh treatment
people could not travel
killed weak babies
metal bars for money

Rome (classical civilization)

Founded in 753 BCE Originally ruled by king
509 BCE until aristocrats threw off monarchy & established republic where wealthy dominated
Lasting influence on govt today came up with concept innocent until proven guilty

China ( classical civilization ) Qin Dynasty

221-210 BCE
-Adopted Legalism
( clear rules and harsh punishments to maintain political power )
Laid foundations for a unified Chinese state
-Laborers constructed Great Wall of China
Standardized measurements, weights , written Chinese language and currency
- Did not last long and was replaced by Han Dynasty

Rome: Republic to Empire

created empire that extended around Mediterranean basin & beyond even to Spain, France, & Britain
First emperor was Octavian aka Augustus 27 BCE - 14 CE

China (classical civilization) Han Dynasty

141-87 BCE
Rejected legalism
Adopted Confucianism
Largely bureaucratic, centralized ,
run by an emperor
Beginning of Civil Service Exam

Chinese Social Structure Classic Civilization

Emperor
Elite Govt Officials
Landlord Class
Peasants
Merchants

Mandate of Heaven

Use of supernatural sanctions to support
Chinese imperial rule.
Not a place or supreme being but an impersonal moral force that regulates the universe
Emperors were called Sons of Heaven

Collapse of the Han Dynasty

ended in 220 CE
empire became to large to manage with available resources.
Over taxations of peasants
= revolts

5 relationships of Confucianism

-Father/Son
- Ruler/ Subject
-Brother/Brother
-Husband/Wife
-Friend/Friend

Key Texts of Confucianism

Imagined a utopian society with out the oppression of govt. Interested in spiritual harmony , inner balance , which bring healthy mind and body . Ying and Yang
FOCUSED ON HOW PEOPLE COULD LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

India (Mauryan Empire)

Population : 50 million people. First Indian Empire.
Best Known for Emperor Ashoka (r. 268-232 BCE )

600 years after Mauryan Empire. Use of Caste System

Holy Books in Hinduism

Deities of Hinduism

Ganesha , Vishnu , Shiva

Hindu Caste System

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Untouchables
Born into sysytem

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Followers of this faith focus on human free will and the eternal battle between the forces of good and evil

categorized as polytheistic and monotheistic. Holy book is the Vedas. The Vedas taught that the soul of a person is reborn many times. Eventually a soul would be spiritually advance enough to become liberated from this cycle of death and rebirth. Vedas taught people that they should organize society into sharply defined classes called caste

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. His teaching are written down in the analects

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Doctrines can be summarized in the Four
noble truths and can eliminate desire and suffering by following eightfold path

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. Monotheistic religion that looks back to Abraham as an important figure. In return of their devotion to Yahweh will consider them his chosen people.

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. They believed that Mohammed was the last in a great line of prophets that included Abraham and Moses

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Christianity text

Bible (Old and New Testament)