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Vishnu's ultimate Test Review 1 Set (Cell Review)

Terms in this set (75)

Proteins
Builds Muscles, in cell Membranes, makes enzymes
Carbohydrates
"Carbs", Sugars, Saccharide.

. Mono-single unit - glucose, fructose
. Disaccharide - two monos -sucrose (the 2 above)
.Polysaccharide - Starch
Lipds
Fats, waxes, and oils
Nucleic Acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Robert Hooke (1665)
Used a microscope to look at thin slices of cork, Coined the term "cells"
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-1674
Invented the modern microscope
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

New cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryotes
Cells that do NOT have a nucleus
Ex: bacteria
Organelles
"Little Organs," specialized structures that perform important cellular functions
Cytoplasm
Everything in the cell except for the nucleus and organelles (Jelly like substances)
Eukaryotes
Cells that DO have a nucleus
Nucleus
Contains the cell's genetic material

"Brain" of the cell

Controls most cell processes

Nucleolus{Inside Nucleus, makes Ribosomes}
Cell Boundaries
The cell membrane and the cell wall
Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides protection and support
Cell Wall
Provides protection and support, found in plant cells, Bacteria, and Fungi, made of cellulose.
Ribosomes
Site of Protein Synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of channels, assembly and distribution of material within the cell. Has the Rough and Smooth ER
Rough ER
Coated with Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Without ribosomes- makes waxes and lipids
Golgi Apparatus
Cell "Factory" Modifies, sorts, and packages, proteins.
Lysosome
Tiny sac filled with digestive enzymes
Vacuole
Saclike structure structure, stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Mitochondria
"Powerhouse" of the cell
Converts food to usable energy
Chloroplasts
Perform photosynthesis
Contain Chlorophyll
Cytoskeleton
Helps the cell to maintain its shape
Involved in movement
Locomotion
Cilia and Flagella
CIlia
Short Hairlike Projections used for movement
Flagella
Whiplike structures used for movement
Animal cells have what that plant cells dont have
Centrioles
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large Vacuole
What plant cells have that animal cells don't.
light microscope
Magnifies 400x
Can magnify 1000x
Electron Microscope
Used in special places, magnifies 200,000 - 1 million times
Cost: $$$$$$$,
Homeostasis
Equilibrium of an organism's internal environment that maintains conditions suitable for life

Ex: Sweating to maintain temperature
Selective Permeability
Allows some materials through while keeping others out.

Semi-permeable
Selectively permeable
Plasma membrane
Cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Each layer can move independently of each other
Saturated
Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated
Liquid at room temperature
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Brownian Motion
Random movement of particles
Dynamic Equalibrium
When particles equal out
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane cells
Solution
Mixture of solute and solvent
Solute- the substance dissolved
Solvent-Liquid (usu. Water)
Hypotonic solution
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Passive Transport
No energy is used to move particles
Active Transport
Movement against a concentration gradient, requires energy
Energy = ATP
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Endocytosis
Cell surrounds an takes in material
Pinocytosis-cellular drinking
Phagocytosis-Cellular eating
Exocytosis-Moves wastes out of the cell
Different Types of photosynthesis based on
Weather and Temperature (Plants have different weather and temperature conditions, so they adapted to make the most efficient use of their resources.
Types of photosynthesis
C3, C4, and CAM
C3
Everyday plants
C4
Desert plants and shrubs
CAM
Cactus, agave, Bromeliad
Plant pigments
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophyll, Anthocyanins
Chlorophyll A
Blue green
Chlorophyll B
Yellow green
Xanthophyll
Yellow
Carotenoids
Orange
Anthocyanins
Purple/red/blue
Reactants
What is reacting on the left side of the arrow
Products
What is made on the right side of the arrow
Photosynthesis formula
H2O + CO2 + Light ---> C6H12O6 + O2
Chlorophyll (Balanced equation)
6H20+6CO2 yields chlorophyll —> C6H12O6+6O2
How do we know which pigments are in a leaf
You can roll a quarter across a leaf.
Formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)
Glycolysis
starting product is glucose, makes 2 ATP; occurs in cytoplasm
Kreb's Cycle
Pyruvate is starting product
Glycolysis occurs first in the cytoplasm
Where do Glycolysis occur?
Pyruvate
(glucose broken in half) begins the process of the Krebs Cycle
Types of Respiration
aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic
Requires O2
Anaerobic
No O2
Lactic Acid Fermentation in humans
Alcoholic fermentation - grapes to wine SHEESH
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