Review 2 -- Immune System

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an antigen is _______.
a. a molecule that reacts specifically with antibody or immune lymphocyte
b. a hypervariable region of an antibody
c. the constant region of an antibody
d. a cytokine
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Terms in this set (63)
an antigen is _______.
a. a molecule that reacts specifically with antibody or immune lymphocyte
b. a hypervariable region of an antibody
c. the constant region of an antibody
d. a cytokine
a. a molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody or immune lymphocyte
the epitope is ______.
a. the part of the antibody that binds to the antigen
b. the part of the antibody that binds to the T helper cell
c. part of the antigen that is bound by the antibody
d. part of the hypervariable region of the antibody
c. part of the antigen that is bound by the antibody
which of the following is a FALSE statement?
a. T helper cells release cytokines
b. T helper cells activate specific B cells
c. T helper cells are antigen specific
d. T helper cells kill virus-infected cells
d. T helper cells kill virus-infected cells
If you have an autoimmune disease, what happens with the immune system?
a. your immune cells die
b. antibodies from your immune system mistakenly attack tissues in the body
c. your immune system makes too many immune cells
d. body unable to prepare immune cells
b. antibodies from your immune system mistakenly attack tissues in the body
the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I)
a. is expressed by a limited set of host cells
b. displays antigen to T-lymphocytes
c. binds to adhesion molecules in the extracellular matrix
d. binds growth factors (cytokines)
b. displays antigen to T-lymphocytes
Plasma cells __________.
a. are clonal (i.e., each cell produces antibodies that react with a single antigen)
b. are located in the paracortical region of the lymph node
c. are not fo und in the mucosal immune system
d. have a large nucleus little cytoplasm
a. are clonal (i.e., each cell produces antibodies that react with a single antigen)
activation of complement by antigen-IgM complexes causes
a. promotion of opsonization
b. inhibition of mast cell degranulation
c. uptake (or endocytosis) through Fc(gamma) receptors that are present on macrophage
d. activation of the mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway
a. promotion of opsonization
T/F: Cytokine receptors can bind more than one cytokine
T
T/F: Fab end of an antibody contains an effector protein that can bind to receptors on the membranes of cells
F
You remove a client's clothes to give her a shower. A dressing falls from her hip onto the floor, revealing a minor wound. The wound is not bleeding, but there is a small amount of old, dried blood on the dressing. You should pick the dressing up and put it in the open trash can...
a. apply gloves and place the dressing in a plastic bag
b. get the nurse in charge at once
c. do nothing, as this is not a nurse aid responsibility
a. apply gloves and place the dressing in a plastic bag
a person who an transmit infection to others is a... a. vector b. microorganism c. carrier d. reservoirc. carriermicrobes that cause disease are a. pathogens b. vectors c. fomites d. hostsa. pathogensYou are instructed to collect a regular urine specimen from a female client. You should collect the specimen from the bedpan and a. apply the principles of standard precautions when obtaining the specimen b. collect feces the next time the eliminates c. apply gloves and hold the cup securely against the client's perineuma. apply the principles of standard precautions when obtaining the specimenCan the flu be treated with antibiotics?noImmunizations are available to prevent a. AIDS b. Hepatitis B c. Hepatitis C d. Herpesb. Hepatitis BT/F: Heredity does not influence your risk of developing allergiesFWhich of the categories of hypersensitivites involves a T-cell response a. Type I b. Type II c. Type II d. Type IVd. Type IVWhat sets the stage for the reactions that occur upon repeated exposure to the same allergen in a type I hypersensitivity reaction? a. The release of the allergenic particles into the tissue fluids and lymphatics b. Recognition of the allergen by B and T cells c. Proliferation and differentiation of B cells in to plasma cells d. Binding of IgE to mast cells and basophilsd. Binding of IgE to mast cells and basophilsIn what manner does a type III hypersensitivity reaction differ from a type II hypersensitivity reaction? a. The antigens involved in a type III hypersensitivity reaction are not bound to a cell's surface, while those involved in a type II reaction are bound to the surface b. type III is an immediate hypersensitivity while type II is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction c. Type III hypersensitivities involve IgE, while type II hypersensitivities involve IgG and IgM d. Type III hypersensitivities are T-cell mediated, while type II hypersensitivities are B-cell mediateda. The antigens involved in a type III hypersensitivity reaction are not bound to a cell's surface, while those involved in a type II reaction are bound to the surfaceWhat differs between atopy and anaphylaxis a. the allergen that triggers the response b. the site of the rxn c. the concentrations of the chemical mediators released d. the organ systems targeted by the chemical mediatorsb. the site of the rxnT/F: B cell can differentiate into plasma cells (produce antibody) and retain "memory" of the antigen encounterTThe small sub regions on the antigen that are recognized by receptors on immune cells, which is also known as antigenic determinants, called a. antigen b. antibody c. hapten d. epitopesd. epitopesT/F: T and B cells resides in peripheral lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, and thymusFT/F: M cells are thought to play an important role in delivering antigen to Peyer's patchesTT/F: The process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others called lymphocyte homingTT/F: Constant region that determines the specificity of the antibodyFT/F: MHC Class-I primarily expressed by immune cells whereas MHC Class-II expressed on all nucleated cellsFT/F: MHC class I proteins are primary ones responsible for graft rejection and must be expressed by target cell to be killed by an antigen-specific CD8+ T cellTWhich of the following in not an assumption which can be derived from the clonal selection theory? a. lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed b. each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a single specificity c. any lymphocyte that could possibly mount a harmful response against self-molecules is eliminated or suppressed d. Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar patternd. Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar patternWhat are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T-dependent antigen a. dendritic cells b. B lymphocytes c. memory cels d. T helper cellsd. T helper cellsWhat cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune fx? a. neutrophils b. lymphocytes c. monocytes d. granulocytesb. lymphocytesMajor histocompatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of what type of cells? a. Neurons b. RBCs c. WBCs d. Splenocytesb. RBCsMany physicians prefer mother's milk over cow's milk for infants. This is because mother's milk has the following property not found in cow's milk. a. antibodies against human disease b. proteins for growing human muscle milk c. more essential amino acids d. MHCs for maturing the infant's immune systema. antibodies against human diseaseThe Fab region of an antibody a. is important for cellular recognition b. is constant for antibodies in the same class c. binds to the antigen d. is not found in all antibody classesc. binds to the antigenT/F: Adaptive immune response is the 1st-line of defense systemFYour patient tests positive for the tuberculin antigen. You send him for a chest x-ray because: a. the tuberculin test is on presumptive, indicating that he has been exposed to tuberculosis antigen b. he may have other lung infections c. you are looking for fluid in his lungs due to inflammation caused by the bacillusa. the tuberculin test is on presumptive, indicating that he has been exposed to tuberculosis antigenT cells mature in the following organ a. thymus b. bone marrow c. pancreas d. kidneya. thymusB cells mature in the following organ a. bone marrow b. thymus c. pancreas d. kidneya. bone marrowwhich of the following is/are(an) immune cell(s)? a. dendritic cells b. complement c. cytokines d. adhesive moleculesa. dendritic cellsWhich of the following is an immune molecule? a. macrophage b. NK cells c. antibody d. dendritic cellsc. antibodywhich of the following is/are (a) peripheral immune organ(s)? a. kidney b. pancreas c. lymph nodes d. lungsc. lymph nodesT/F: M cells lack microvilli, but are actively pinocytic, and transport macromolecules from the intestinal lumen into the sub-epithelial tissuesTT/F: The process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others is called lymphocyte homingTT/F: The integrin family of transmembrane adhesion receptors mediates both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. One important, rapid and reversible mechanism for regulating adhesion is increasing the affinity of integrin receptors for their extracellular ligands (integrin activation). This is controlled by extracellular signals that, through their action on integrin cytoplasmic domains, induce conformational changes in integrin intracellular domains that result in increased affinity for ligand. This increased affinity is called outside-in signalingFAn immunoglobin D (IgD) antibody participates in antigen recognition by: a. immature T-cells b. natural kill (NK) cells c. macrophages d. B cellsd. B cellsOf the MHC genes, which of the following codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens? a. Class I MHC b. Class II MHC c. Class III MHC d. Class IV MHCb. Class II MHCWhat class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells? a. Class I MHC b. Class II MHC c. Class III MHC d. Class IV MHCa. Class I MHCWhich of the following statements regarding antibodies is incorrect? a. They serve as the specific receptors on B cells b. They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains c. the antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chain d. they exist in a Y-shaped arrangementc. the antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chainAn immunoglobin is a a. protein b. carbohydrate c. glycoprotein d. fatty acidc. glycoproteinWhich of the following class of MHC receptors is used for typing when a patient is being prepared for an organ transplant a. Class I MHC b. Class II MHC c. Class III MHC d. Class IV MHCa. Class I MHCThe innate host defense mechanisms are critical to the protection of the body because a. they utilize pre-committed antigen presenting cells that have already been induced by other immune responses b. the antibodies derived from the innate response are critical to neutralize bacterial toxins c. they are highly specific for the invading pathogens that avoid pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor d. they provide immediate, continuous protection in the absence of a specific immune responsed. they provide immediate, continuous protection in the absence of a specific immune responseT/F: the complement system may be activated in the absence of an antibody/antigen reactionTThe majority of antigens are ______. a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. nucleic acids d. lipidsa. proteinsA complete antigen is capable of ___________. a. inducing an immune response b. interacting with an antibody c. inducing antibody production d. all of the aboved. all of the aboveA molecule that reacts with a specific antibody but is not immunogenic by itself is called a/an ________. a. carrier b. antigen c. hapten d. immunogenc. haptenT/F: T cells recognize the peptide and a surface protein on the cell that carries that peptideTWhat is the study of disruption of normal physiologic processes called? a. epidemiology b. pathogenesis c. physiology d. pathophysiologyd. pathophysiologyWhat does the term apoptosis mean? a. spread of cancer cells b. genetically programmed cell death c. an antibody to an exotoxin d. reduction in size of muscle cellsb. genetically programmed cell deathWhat are transplants between identical twins called? a. allografts b. xenografts c. autografts d. isograftsd. isograftsWhat type of hypersensitivity reaction involves B-lymphocytes? a. delayed hypersensitivity reactions b. immediate hypersensitivity reactions c. acquired hypersensitivity reactions d. internal hypersensitivity reactionsb. immediate hypersensitivity reactionsMrs. P is an 85-year-old female who is a resident of a long-term care facility. The wound nurse was doing her rounds and noticed that Mrs. P had developed an open ulcer with a partial thickness loss of dermis and a red-pink wound bed on the side of her hip. She is 5'2" and weighs 52 kilograms with no known gastrointestinal or autoimmune issues. The wound nurse schedules a nutrition consultation for Mrs. P and discusses her findings with you. How many grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight should be recommended for wound healing?1.3Mrs. P is an 85-year-old female who is a resident of a long-term care facility. The wound nurse was doing her rounds and noticed that Mrs. P had developed an open ulcer with a partial thickness loss of dermis and a red-pink wound bed on the side of her hip. She is 5'2" and weighs 52 kilograms with no known gastrointestinal or autoimmune issues. The wound nurse schedules a nutrition consultation for Mrs. P and discusses her findings with you. How much should Mrs. P be drink each day to give her the best opportunity to heal?at least 30 mL/kgMrs. P is an 85-year-old female who is a resident of a long-term care facility. The wound nurse was doing her rounds and noticed that Mrs. P had developed an open ulcer with a partial thickness loss of dermis and a red-pink wound bed on the side of her hip. She is 5'2" and weighs 52 kilograms with no known gastrointestinal or autoimmune issues. The wound nurse schedules a nutrition consultation for Mrs. P and discusses her findings with you. Which supplement could benefit wound healing by increasing collagen deposition, improving nitrogen balance and enhancing several parameters of immune function?arginine