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Nutrition 200 Final Exam Chapters

Terms in this set (87)

Trace minerals depend on...
soil and water composition
iron deficiency can lead to
lead poisoning
non-essential trace minerals
- Nickel
- Silicon
- Vanadium
- Cobalt
- Boron
Ferrous Iron
Fe (2+)
Ferric Iron
Fe (3+)
Iron storage protein that captures iron from food in small intestine
Ferritin
When Iron is needed, Ferritin releases it to...
Transferrin
Heme Iron Sources
Meat, Fish and Poultry (MFP)
Non-heme iron sources
Plant and animal that is not bound by proteins
MFP Factor
Peptide that increases non-heme iron absorption
Phytates
Legumes, whole grains, and rice
Polyphenols
Tannic acid in tea, coffee, and red wine
What is a dietary factor that inhibits the absorption of iron?
Phytates
Excess ferritin is stored in the...
liver
When Iron is high, liver converts iron into this storage protein which releases iron more slowly.
Hemosiderin
Hormone regulating iron balance by decreasing absorption and controlling release
Hepcidin
What is the most common deficiency worldwide?
Iron Deficiency
Inflammation and increased Hepcidin are linked with...
being overweight
Vulnerable stages in life for iron deficiency
- Women in reproductive years
- Pregnancy
- Infants and young children (high milk intake)
- Adolescents
Iron stores diminish
Serum ferritin
Decrease in transport iron
Transferrin Saturation
How to identify iron deficiency
Hemoglobin and hematocrit values
Anemia
severe depletion of iron stores
- Low hemoglobin conc.
- Hypochromic (too little color)
- Microcytic (small cell)
Results of Anemia
Fatigue, Weakness, Headaches, Pallor
Craving and consumption of nonfood substances due to iron deficiency
Pica
- Unneeded iron is absorbed
- Most common genetic disorder in the US
- Free radicals damage liver and increase infections
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Treatment for Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Chelation
Iron poisoning
GI distress - Constipation
Iron UL
45 mg/day
Vegetarians have a higher RDA for iron because...
There is a low bioavailability for nonheme iron sources
To enhance iron absorption you can take supplements of
ferrous sulfate
- Helps immune fucntion
- Helps defend against free radicals
- Sperm Production
Zinc
The recycling of zinc occurs in...
Enteropancreatic circulation
Zinc in the blood...
Albumin and transferrin
Vulnerable groups to Zinc deficiency
Middle Eastern boys
Effects of Zinc Deficiency
Growth retardation, impaired immune response, damage to CNS
Zinc Toxicity is based on interference with copper metabolism and can cause
degeneration of the heart muscle
Sources of Zinc
Protein rich foods such as shellfish, and vegetables depends on soil used
Iodine
Form in food
Iodide
Form in body
Iodine is a major part of...
Thyroid Hormones
Iodine Deficiency
Goiter and irreversible brain damage
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy that can cause irreversible brain damage
Cretinism
Iodine Toxicity causes
Enlarged thyroid gland
Selenium's role in the body is as an...
anti-oxidant
Selenium is similar to which vitamin?
Vitamin E
Selenium deficiency is called
Keshan Disease
Heart Disease in china where soil and food lack selenium
Keshan Disease
Sources of Selenium
Soil that vegetables are grown in
Constituent of Enzymes
Copper
Copper defends against
oxidative damage
If you have too much copper you should
increase zinc to lower it
Cardiovascular disease can be caused by
excess zinc
When copper absorbs but doesnt release (Low copper)
Menkes Disease
When copper accumulates in brain and liver (high copper)
Wilson's Disease
Sources of copper
Copper plumbing water, and various foods
Elimination of copper
Bile
Fluoride in bones and teeth is
Fluorapatite
Sources of Fluoride
Drinking water
Toxicity of Fluoride
Fluorosis
Chromium
Participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Contaminant minerals that displace other minerals such as Iron, Calcium and Zinc
Mercury and Cadmium
Phytochemicals
Defend against cancer and protect against DNA damage
Flavanoids
Yellow pigment in foods that defend against heart disease
Lignans
Found in flaxseed
- Optimal Bone density
- Fall in resting pulse rate
- Low risk of cardiovascular disease
Benefits of fitness
Normal resting pulse rate
70 beats per minute
Overload principle
asking a little bit more of yourself each time you train
- Enhanced oxygen delivery
- Slower Heart rate
- Breathing is more efficient
- Circulation improves
- Blood pressure falls
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Cardiorespiratory Training
Activity sustained for 20 minutes or more
Fit muscles use __________ efficiently
Oxygen
Muscle conditioning burns _____ longer
fat
What is the purpose of resistance training?
The build muscle mass and maximize and maintain bone mass
ATP delivers NRG ________
Instantly
Creatine phosphate is stored in the_______ and is split ____________
Muscles; anaerobically
Anaerobic activities use....
glucose
aerobic activities use...
fats
Glycogen will last longer with....
less intensity and more carbohydrates
(Glucose use during physical activity)
- 70% of energy should be from....
carbohydrates
How many grams of carbohydrate should be consumed per hour during prolonged events?
30-60 grams
Conditioned muscles rely less on...
glycogen
Conditioned muscles rely more on...
fat
What is the nutrient most rapidly depleted during activity?
Water
What is the first symptom of dehydration?
Fatigue
Hyponatremia
Loss of sodium in blood
Glucose polymers in performance enhancing drinks attract less water in GI and allow water to...
stay in circulation
Post game meal should be...
rich in carbohydrates
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...