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Lifespan

Terms in this set (18)

Otitis media (OM) is a frequently-diagnosed childhood disease. Research on the long-term consequences of chronic OM has found that, in general:

A. it does not affect hearing ability.
B. it is associated with mild hearing loss that has little or no impact on school achievement.
C. it is associated with mild to moderate hearing loss that may have a negative impact on school achievement.
D. it is associated with profound hearing loss.
C. it is associated with mild to moderate hearing loss that may have a negative impact on school achievement.

The hearing loss resulting from OM has been linked to attention problems (especially attention to language) and resulting language deficits, behavioral problems, and lower school achievement.
Youngsters begin to describe themselves in terms of personality attributes - e.g., "I'm smart," "I'm friendly," "I'm shy":

A. in early childhood (ages 2-6).
B. at the beginning of middle childhood (ages 7-8).
C. toward the end of middle childhood (ages 10-12).
D. in early adolescence (ages 13-14).
C. toward the end of middle childhood (ages 10-12).

Toward the end of middle childhood, a child's self-concept becomes increasingly based on personality traits.
Children between the ages of approximately _______ years are in the phallic stage of psychosexual development according to Freud and in the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson.

A. 1 to 3
B. 3 to 6
C. 6 to 12
D. 12 to 15
B. 3 to 6

Children between the ages of 3 and 6 are in the third stage of psychosexual development and psychosocial development. Freud referred to the third stage as the phallic stage and Erikson identified the conflict of this stage as involving initiative vs. guilt. [1-3 anal, 6-12 latency, 12-15 genital]
Research on the impact of parents' gender stereotypes about math ability on their children's interest in math has found that:

A. maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interest of boys but not girls.
B. maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interest of both boys and girls.
C. maternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interest of boys but not girls.
D. paternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interest of girls but not boys.
B. maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interest of both boys and girls.

Studies have found that, while the gender discrepancy in math achievement has declined in recent years, girls continue to be less likely to choose a math-related major in college or career in mathematics. In addition, the research has confirmed that maternal and paternal gender-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are a key contributor to the disparity in interest in math and perceptions about math ability. Interestingly, a longitudinal study by Bleeker et al. suggests that the father's gender stereotypes may have a different impact than the stereotypes of the mother - i.e., while father's stereotypes are associated with an increased interest in math among boys and a decreased interest among girls, the mother's stereotypes are associated with a decreased interest for both boys and girls (J. E. Bleeker et al., "I can, but I don't want to": The impact of parents, interests, and activities on gender differences in math.
The smallest unit of sound that is understood is referred to as a:

A. homophone.
B. morpheme.
C. phoneme.
D. sememe.
C. phoneme.
A distinguishing feature of the Montessori method is its:

A. emphasis on cooperative learning and group achievement.
B. use of art and music to teach academic subjects.
C. assumption that all learning stems from sense perception.
D. placement of children in classes on the basis of developmental level rather than chronological age.
C. assumption that all learning stems from sense perception.

The Montessori method is characterized by the use of special materials designed to teach sense discrimination. For example, to facilitate the teaching of reading, large letters of the alphabet are covered with sandpaper.
Among bilingual speakers, those who exhibit "code-switching":

A. tend to obtain lower scores on measures of reading comprehension.
B. tend to have trouble understanding speakers of the majority language.
C. go back and forth between languages during the course of a conversation as a way to better express themselves.
D. unconsciously confuse the majority and minority languages while speaking, especially in high-stress situations.
C. go back and forth between languages during the course of a conversation as a way to better express themselves.
The 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that the largest percentage of respondents ages 12 through 17 used which of the following during the past month?

A. hallucinogenics
B. marijuana
C. tobacco products
D. alcohol
D. alcohol

In this survey, 11.6% of respondents ages 12 to 17 reported using alcohol in the past month. Followed by tobacco at 7.8%.
A sudden loud noise would elicit which of the following reflexes from a one-month old infant?

A. Babkin
B. Darwinian
C. Moro
D. Babinski
C. Moro

The Moro reflex occurs in response to either a loud noise or being dropped.
The relationship between authoritative parenting and children's academic achievement:

A. is stronger for children who had an easy temperament as babies.
B. is observed for children but not for adolescents whose school performance is more highly affected by peers.
C. is observed among children as well as among adolescents.
D. is stronger among children who have lower levels of intelligence.
C. is observed among children as well as among adolescents.
Research investigating the effects of Head Start and similar compensatory education programs has found that these programs:

A. have few benefits in terms of academic achievement or other outcomes.
B. have some short-term benefits in terms of academic achievement only.
C. have benefits in terms of academic outcomes, social adjustment, and employment.
D. have few benefits in terms of academic outcomes but some benefits in terms of of social adjustment and employment.
C. have benefits in terms of academic outcomes, social adjustment, and employment.

Longitudinal studies have found that the immediate effects of compensatory education programs on IQ are often not maintained but that these programs have other positive academic, social, and occupational consequences.
Which of the following represents a phoneme?

A. "b"
B. "ing"
C. "go"
D. "mama"
A. "b"

English has 26 letters but 44 phonemes since the same letter alone or combined with others can represent more than one sound.
According to Piaget, the key feature of the _______________ stage is the development of the "semiotic function."

A. concrete operational
B. preoperational
C. sensorimotor
D. formal operational
B. preoperational

The preoperational stage extends from ages 2 to 7. During this stage, thought becomes symbolic in form.
According to the "hostile attribution bias" (Crick & Dodge, 1994; Dodge, 1980):

A. people with moderate to severe depression are less likely than people with mild or no depression to interpret the ambiguous actions of others as intentionally hostile.
B. aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to interpret the ambiguous actions of peers as intentionally hostile.
C. authoritarian parents are more likely than authoritative parents to interpret the actions of their children as hostile.
D. people are more likely to attribute the hostility of others to dispositional factors than to situational factors.
B. aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to interpret the ambiguous actions of peers as intentionally hostile.

This is an accurate description of the prediction of the hostile attribution bias, which was originally described by Dodge (1980). It predicts that aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to interpret the ambiguous behaviors of peers as intentionally hostile and, therefore, to react to those peers with aggressive, hostile behaviors. The hostile attribution bias is believed to be due to deficits in social information processing.
According to Erikson, the purpose of play is to:

A. release "unemployed energy."
B. reduce tension by re-enacting prior experiences.
C. socially construct knowledge within the zone of proximal development.
D. master social and emotional experiences.
D. master social and emotional experiences.

Erikson (1977) describes play as a function of the ego that allows children to master and control social and emotional experiences. Through play, children learn about themselves and their social environments.
Which of the following best characterizes the nature of the criticism that boys and girls tend to receive from their teachers in elementary school?

A. Girls receive criticism directed at their behavior, whereas boys receive criticism directed at their ability.
B. Boys receive criticism directed at their behavior, whereas girls receive criticism directed at their ability.
C. Girls receive more criticism than boys in all respects.
D. There is no difference in the nature of the criticism that boys and girls receive.
B. Boys receive criticism directed at their behavior, whereas girls receive criticism directed at their ability.
One criticism of anger management training for children is that its positive effects are limited because:

A. children are unable to develop control over angry feelings and behaviors.
B. children tend to blame others for their anger.
C. it places too much emphasis on behavior (versus cognition).
D. it places too much emphasis on the individual (versus social) factors.
D. it places too much emphasis on the individual (versus social) factors.

One problem with most anger management training programs is that they focus on the individual and ignore the role of interpersonal or systemic factors. The importance of broadening the focus is supported by research showing that targeting individual, family, peer, and community relationships increases the effectiveness of anger management programs
As defined by Piaget, the ability to engage in deferred imitation depends on the development of:

A. transductive reasoning.
B. mental representation.
C. animistic thinking.
D. self-recognition.
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