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chapter 39 antibiotics part 2

Terms in this set (23)

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
refers to bacteria that possess an enzyme, carbapenemase, which renders the organism resistant to all carbapenem antibiotics as well as beta-lactam antibiotics and monobactams. Such organisms produce a very serious resistant infection. CRE used to be known as Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC).
Concentration-dependent killing
A property of some antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides, whereby achieving high plasma drug concentrations, even if briefly, results in the most effective bacterial kill (compare time-dependent killing).
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
A group of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some organisms that makes the organism resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) and aztreonam. Patients who are infected by such organisms must be in contact isolation; proper handwashing is key to preventing the spread of these organisms.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to the antibacterial action of the antibiotic methicillin, a form of penicillin
microgram
mcg or ug one millionth of a gram
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
A laboratory measure of the lowest concentration of a drug needed to kill a certain standardized amount of bacteria.
multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
bacteria and other microorganisms that have developed resistance to antimicrobial drugs
1 staphylococcus aureus
2 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
3 carbapenemase-resistant enterobacteriaceae
Nephrotoxicity
toxic or damaging effect of a substance on the kidney; potentially serious because renal damage interferes with drug excretion, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects
Ototoxicity
Toxicity to the ears, often drug induced and manifesting as varying degrees of hearing loss that is likely to be permanent.
Postantibiotic effect
A period of continued bacterial suppression that occurs after brief exposure to certain antibiotic drug classes, especially aminoglycosides and carbapenems. The mechanism of this effect is uncertain.
Pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
synergistic effect
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
theraoeutic drug monitoring
ongoing monitoring of plasma drug concentrations and dosage adjustment based on these values as well as other laboratoryindicators such as kidney and liver function test results; it is often carried out by the pharmacist in collaboration with medical nursing and lab staff
Time-dependent killing
a property of most antibiotic classes whereby prolonged high plasma drug concentrations are required for effective bacterial kill
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Enterococcus species that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin. Most commonly refers to Enterococcus faecium.
Amikacin
Amikin
Amikacin MOA
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Amikacin is used when
VERY TOXIC
- hearing loss in fetus/newborn
- vertigo & loss of balance
- nephrotoxicity
- neurotoxicity
- neuromuscular blockade
amikacin side effects
VERY TOXIC
- hearing loss in fetus/newborn
- vertigo & loss of balance
- nephrotoxicity
- neurotoxicity
- neuromuscular blockade
Ciprofloxacin
Cipro was one of the first of the broad-coverage potent quinolones to become available. comes in po, tabs, injectable, ophthalmic,
Ciprofloxacin MOA
inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Ciprofloxacin used for
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Fluroroquinolone

Used for:
- enteric GI bacteria (enterobacter, E.coli)
- uncomplicated and complicated UTIs
- B-lactam resistant respiratory infections EXCEPT FOR streptococcus pneumoniae
Ciprofloxacin side effects
...
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