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Chapter 6

Terms in this set (149)

Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
Atheism
Belief that God does not exist
Autonomous Religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
Branch
A large and fundamental division within a religion
Caste
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law
Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
Denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body
Ethnic Religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect)
Ghetto
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up bu law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social. legal. or economic pressure
Hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
Missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
Monotheism
The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God
Pagan
A follower of a polytheistic religion
Pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one god
Sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
Solstice
An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most incline toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach it most most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year
Syncretic
A religion that combines several traditions
Universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
fundamentalism
a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion
-most important way that people maintain a distinct cultural identity
Religion vs. Government policies
communst government have challenged Christiannity, Buddhism, and Islam
- in other places religious principles have become more important ex: Islam and Christianity
Taliban vs. Western Values
Afghanistan, U.S. and Afghans supporte their leadership against Russian control
-Taliban made strict laws
-brutal laws against homosexuals and western values
-overthrew Taliban in 2001
Hinduism vs. social equality
caste system
made 4 different castes of different social and economic positions
-over time the castes have split in to subcastes
caste system
the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu was assigned according to religious law
Christianity and Islam vs. the former soviet union
Soviet Union = antireligious
religion was highly discouraged and churches were never to barely used
Buddhism vs. SE Asian countries
hurt by Vietnam War i.e. shrines
Communist governments in SE Asia discourage religion
Religious wars in Ireland
Roman Catholic and Protestant U.K. vs. Republic of Ireland, northern part is mostly protestant, southern part is mostly catholic
Religious Wars in the Middle East
Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought for centuries to control a strip of land in the Eastern Mediterranean
-All three groups trace their origins to Abraham but then diverge from there
-Judaism- ethnic religion
claim to the Promised Land
-Islam- Palestine, Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah as holiest citiese
-Christianity- Palestine (holy land) and Jerusalem (Holy City)
Crusades
Arab people or Muslims from Arabian Peninsula converted Christians to Islam
-To recapture Holy Land from Muslim Conquerors. European Christians launched a series of military crusades for 150 yrs??
Partition of Palestine
Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine from 1516-1917
-UK took over after WWI
-Split Palestsine into two separate states
-Jerusalem became an open city for all religions and run by the United Nations
Wars Between Israel and Neighbors
Independence War - Israel declared independence, and the neighboring Arab states declared war
Suez War- Egypt seized Suez Canal, Israel France and the UK attacked Egypt and got the waterways reopened
Six Day War- Israels neighbors blocked their ships from using international waterways, Israel launched a surprise attack
Yom Kippur War- surprise attack on Israel
Peace Treaty- Egypt and Israel signed treaty
Israeli Perspectives
Jewish majority, live close to international borders and vulnerable to attack
-palestine is divided into three narrow, parallel physical regions
-Attacks on Israel by Syria and Jordan
-Jordan still has control over West Bank
-Some Israelis want the territory back while others want to make barrier or treaty with the Palestinians
-West Bank Barrier separates Jewish territory from Palestinians
Palestinian Perspectives
Palestinians include:
-people in West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem
-Some citizens of Israel who are Arabs
-People who fled Israel after the war
-People who fled from West Bank/Gaza after Six Day War
-Citizens of other countries (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia)
-Fight against Israel - Palestine Liberation Organization
-Divided into two perspectives, Fatah and Hamas parties
*Fatah=willing to recognize Israel in exchange for land taken from them
*Hamas= don't want Israel to exist, want entire territory
terrorist organization
Judasim's Jerusalem
Holy to the Jews
Was the location of a temple in ancient times
-Jews pray at the Western wall
Islam's Jerusalem
-Most important structure is the Dome of the Rock
-Place where Muhammed ascended to heaven
-Their second temple, al-Aqsa Mosque was built on top of the ruins of the Jewish second holy temple.
sacred space
study land dedicated to religion
burial of the dead
religious settlements
Places of worship in universalizing religions
churh,temple, pagoda etc.
diff religions have diff functions of sacred structures
shrines/ worship
modest vs elaborate
Christian churches
high density of churches
gathering of believers/ sanctified place
Orthodox churches follow byzantine empire
pretestant churches are simple
Muslim Mosques
highly visible and important
mosque is a place for community assembly for worship
Buddhist pagodas
prominent and visually attractive element
Contains relics from Buddha's body
individual prayer and meditation
Baha'i houses of worship
open to all religions
reciting scriptures of various religions
Sikhisms Golden Temple of Amritsar
In Pujab
holiest book is kept there
base for attack
Sacred Places in Universalizing Religions vs Ethnic
-ehtnic religions have less widespread distribution
-ethnic derive from distinctive phys environment of its hearth
-universalizing religions holy places dont have to be near eachother and dont have to be related to phy environment
Pilgrimage
journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
Buddhist Shrines
eight places are holy
4 most important are in NE India and S Nepal
1. Lumbini (BUddha born)
2. Bodh Gaya (where Buddha reached perfect wisdom)
3. Deer Park (gave first sermon)
4. Kusinagara (Where Buddha died)
Buddhas miracles:
1. Sravasti
2. Samkasya
3.Rajagrha
4.Vaisala
Holy Places in Islam
places associated with Muhammed
Mecca or Makkah is the birthplace
Ka'ba is the holiest object
Second most holy location is Madinah or Medina
Where Muhammed got his first support
Where his tomb is
Hindu Landscape
Tied to physical geo of India
riverbanks and coastlines are most holy (Ganges)
importance of shrines through tradition
Hindu Temples
religious ceremonies at home with family
shrines arent for congregational worship
Cosmogony
a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
Cosmogony in Ethnic Relgions
Yin and Yang for Chinese Religions Universal Powers
Cosmogony in Universalizing Religions
God created the universe
The Solstice
significance in ethnic religion
Pagan relgions
Dec. 21 or 22
shortest day and longest night of the year
Disposing of the Dead - Burial
Cemetery- Christians/Muslims and Jews
China/Hinduism - cremation, so they have more agricult room
Other Methods of Disposing Bodies
Hindus- cremation(purification)
Disposal of Bodies at sea- Micronesia
Utopian settlements
ideal community built around a religious way of life
have disappeared over the years
The Calendar in Judaism
Ethnic/ Lunar Calendar
major holidays based on events in the agricult in Israel
Pesach (Passover)
Sukkot(celebrate final gathering of fruits for the year)
Shavuot(Feast of Weeks)
Rosh Hashanah(New Year)
Islam Calendar
Lunar Calendar
Holy month of ramdam changes frequently
Baha'i Calendar
divided into 19 mnths of 19 days each
Christianity Calendar
Seasonal Variations in the Calendar
Easter
Christmas
Buddhism Calendar
Buddhas Birth
Enlightenment
Death
Sikhism Calendar
births and deaths of the religions 10 gurus
Hierarchical Religions
has a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units
-ex: Roman Catholicism
Latter Day Saints
Mormons
Hierchacal Religion
Utah
Roman Catholic Hierarchy
The Pope: also the bishop of the Diocese of Rome
Archbishops: report to the pope , head a province
Bishops: report to an archbishop
Priests: report to the bishops
Autonomous Religions
self sufficient religion; some universalizing religions are
Local Autonomy in Islam
Most local autonomy
pray privately and contribute equally
Protestant Denominations
Christian
vary from hierarchical to autonomous
Ethnic relgions autonomy
Judaism and Hinduism have no centralized structure of religious control
Tibet
Tibet= Buddhist, ruler is Dalai Lama, monks, encouraged polygamy
China's control over Tibet
ruled from 1720-1911
invaded in 1951 again
installed communist govt in 1953
destroyed monasteries/temples
many forced to emigrate
Universalizing religions
attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they live, not just to people of one culture or location
Ethnic Relgions
appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place
Three biggest universalizing relgions
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism
Biggest Ethnic Religions
Hinduism (by far the largest: 900 mill)
Chinese Traditional (100 mill)
Asian primal-indigenous(300 mill)
Also: Juchte, Spritism, and Judaism (14-19 mill)
Atheism
Belief that God does not exist (16% of people have no religion)
Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
Universalizing Religion branch
a large fundamental division within a religion
Universalizing Religion Denomination
a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
Universalizing Religion Sect
relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
Christianity (Universalizing religion)
2 billion adherents/ biggest world religion/ widest distribution/ predominant religion in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, also some parts of Asia and Africa
Branches of Christianity in Europe
3 branches
1. Roman Catholic 51% -- SW and E Europe
2. Protestant 24% -- NW Europe
3. Orthodox 11% -- E and SE Europe (14 churches)/ Russian Orthodox/Romanian Church / Bulgarian "/Greek"/ Serbian"/Albania/Cyprus/ Georgia/ Poland/Sinai
Branches of Christianity in the Western Hemisphere
90% are christian
Roman Catholics-93% in Latin America and 40% in N. America in SW and NE US and Quebec
Protestant- 28% US
Other Christians (Sects)
NE Africa- Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian Church (10 mill)

Developed independently because of isolation

Armenian Church in Syria- diffused to S and E Asia- present day Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan

The Maronites- Lebanon

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) consider themselves a branch of Christianity - Utah
Islam
1.5 billion people
Predominantly in the Middle East (N Africa to Central Asia)
Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India
Adherent to the religion of Islam is a Muslim
Branches of Islam
1. Sunni: 83% of Muslims SW Asia and N Africa
2. Shiite: 16% - Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Oman, Bahrain
Islam in Europe and North America
Europe- 5%, France has most, Germany, SE Europe
North America- U.S. Muslims come from Pakistan or S Asia Arab countrie, SW Asia, N Africa, African Americans who converted, Black Muslims in Detroit
Buddhism
E Asia SE Asia
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Hard to count because a person can also believe in Ethnic religion
Branches:
1. Mahayana: China, Japan, Korea 56%
2. Theravada: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand 38%
3. Vajrayana: Tibet and Mongolia 6%
Other Universalizing Relgions
Sikhism (23 mill) - India- Nanak is ruler
Bahá'í (7 mill) Africa and Asia, founded in Iran
Hinduism (Ethnic Religion)
90% in India also in Bangladesh and Nepal
Vaishnavism worships god Vishnu
Sivaism worships Siva
Syncretic
combine several traditions
it is what Chinese traditional religions are
Chinese Traditional
combo of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and others
-Confucianism: ethical principles to follow
-Taoism: magical aspects of life
Primal- Indigenous
SE Asia or South Pacific Islands
Little is known
Everything in nature is spiritual
Includes Shamanism (invisible forces affect the lives of living) and Paganism (beliefs that originated with religions that predated Christianity and Islam)
Juchte
North Koreans
Regarded as a govt ideology or philosophy
Other Ethnic Religions
African, Spiritism and Judaism
African Traditional: 12% Africans follow animism
Spiritism: belief that human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through medium. Brazil.
Judaism: 14 mill in U.S. and about the same in Israel. First Monotheism, Christian and Islam roots come from this
Animism
believe that inanimate objects or natural events have discrete spirits and conscious life

followed by African Traditional Religion
When geographers study the sites where religions originated as well as the processes by which those religions diffused to other locations, they are focusing on the ?
spatial connections in religion
The world's largest ethnic religion is ..
Hinduism
The world's largest universalizing religion is
Christianity
Which of the following would be more characteristic of a universalizing religion
several priests travel across the world to establish missions on remote islands
Which of the following would be more likely to classify as a characteristic of an ethnic religion
The religious calendar is based largely on seasonal changes in a particular region
Followers of which religious branch do not trace their origin to Abraham
Mahayana. (Buddhism)

Easter Orthodox, Shiite, Sunni, and Judaism all do
Unlike other universalizing religions, Buddhism..
remained primarily concentrated in one region of the world
Christianity first diffused from its hearth through
relocation diffusion
Roman Catholics are clustered in the US SW primarily because of migration of ..
Roman Catholics from Latin America and also Spanish conquerors
It is reasonable to surmise that historically when signs were posted in store windows warning "No Irish Need Apply," the store owner may have also been..
A Protestant discriminating against Roman Catholic immigrants
Pilgrimages play a significant role in ethnic religions but not in universalizing religions (T/F)
False
Natural Landsacape features are the holiest places in Islam (T/F)
False
The Ganges is the most holy river for Muslims (T/F)
False. for Hinduism
In terms of sacred sites and places of worship and ethnic religion is usually more geographically concentrated than a universalizing religion(T/F)
True
Judaism is classified as an ethnic rather than a universalizing partly because..
its rituals devise from the agricultural cycle
The agricultural calendar is relatively unimportant to which type of religion
universalizing
Given muslims perspectives on sacred spaces in the Middle East politicians in the region have been wary of inviting further religious fueled conflict by proclaiming..
Jerusalem the capital of Israel
Some of the violence linked to religion in Israel and Palestine is also linked to
ethnic groups, resources, and disputes over the control of land
Which of the following best describes the situation of religion in Tibet
its spiritual leader is in exile and the government discourages observance
Protestants in Ireland are ..
highly clustered in one part of the island
-the northern part or UK portion
Jerusalem's geography represents a particularly difficult religious conflict to resolve because
sacred sites to Jews and Muslims are built on top of one another
The barrier between Israel and the West Bank
has been ruled as illegal by both Israeli and international courts but is supported by other elements of the Israeli government
Adherents of which religion controlled much of present day Spain until 1492, but not since then?
Islam
The situation in Northern Ireland is the result of
-counties in N Ireland voting to remain in the UK
-Catholic protest against discrimination by Protestants
-British colonial control which contributed to poor economic conditions
-violence committed by extreme partisans on both sides
Penalties imposed by Taliban in Afghanistan
thieves hands cut off
prostitutes hung
gays buried alive
men beaten for shaving beards
Mahayanists vs Theradists vs Vajrayana
Theravadists:"The way of the elders" Life of Self help, Full time occupation, monks, wisdom
Mahayanists: Compassion, helping others
Vajrayana: practice of rituals
Chinese Traditional: Confucianism and Daoism or Taoism
Confucianism: perform public service
Daoism: reflect on the mystical and magical aspects of life
A geographer researching the practices of Tibetan Buddhists as well as the world travels of the Dalai Lama is studying..
a) spatial connections
b)theological connections in religion
c)connections between ethnic and universalizing religions
a) is the correct answer
People living in Latin America or rather South America
are Catholic by a large majority
A person from Northern Germany is most likely to be ..a

A person from Southern Germany is most likely to be...b
a)Protestant
b)Roman Catholic
Lutherans are clustered in what part of the United States
Upper Midwestern
The maps in this chapter indicate that Eastern Orthodoxy is a branch of Christianity prevalent in ..
Russia, and NorthWestern Asia
Muslims are clustered in..
North Africa, Southeast Asia, SouthWestern Asia, and parts of South Asia
Northeastern Canada is primarily..
Roman Catholic, compared to the rest of Canada which is Protestant by a large majority
Sub-Saharhan Africa is
1/4 Protestant
about 1/4 Catholic
about 16% animist
26% Muslim - Sunni
In Australia and the South Pacific
a large majority of the people are Protestant
The charts in this chapter indicate that
a. half of the people are nonreligous
b. there are more Muslims than Hindus
c. There are more Catholics than Muslims
d. there are more Muslims than Christians
e. there are more Buddhists than Hindus
b. There are more Muslims than Hindus
In France
most of the people are Catholic, by a very large majority
In Scotland
Protestants are the Majority
Lutheran is an example of a Christian
denomination
A person from Minnesota is most likely to be an adherent of the ..
Lutheran Church
Christianity . Where does is predominate?
Western Hemisphere and Europe
Buddhism. Where does is predominate?
East Asia
Islam . Where does is predominate?
Middle East, Southwest Asia, Northern Africa
Hinduism. Where does is predominate?
S. Asia- India, Nepal
Christianity branches. Where do they predominate?
Catholic- SW Europe
Protestant- NW Europe
Orthodox- Russia and East Europe
For most of the past 2,000 years Jews have been
a. concentrated in the US
b. forced to live in ghettos
c.dispersed around the world
d. Highly clustered in present day Israel
e.nomads herding sheep
c. dispersed around the world
The Julian and Gregorian calendars are..
...
Catholics in the United States are primarily in the ..
NE and SW
Which of the following religions is also part of a territorial concern for the Chinese government
a. Buddhism
b.Hinduism
c.Islam
d. Christianity
a.
Religion is a good example of the tension between globalization and local diversity because
a.many people follow more than one religion
b.migrants leave their religion behind when they migrate
c. religion always represents the most traditional world views of population
d.religion represents core cultural values and beliefs that may conflict with others
e.all religions are in competition to convert as many people as possible
d.
Which is NOT a characteristic of a hierarchical religion?
a. it organizes territory into local administrative units
b.it fosters interaction between different congregations
c. it encourages each congregation to be self sufficient
c.
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...