Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

L3

Terms in this set (47)

WEIRD- W
Western
WEIRD- E
Education
WEIRD- I
Industrial
WEIRD- R
Rich
WEIRD- D
Democratic
Social sciences are largely limited by ____
culture
WEIRD ____ % of Homo sapiens currently living, ___ % of all subjects in psychology experiments are WEIRD, what does that mean?
12,97, the result of the experiments can not represent all the population in the world.
WEIRDest of WEIRD
liberal, college educated, Americans
The WEIRD phenotype
- Cognition - visual illusion, spatial reference system, analytical vs holistic thought
- Social behavior - fairness in economic, agriculture and behavior
WEIRD illusion by Segall : result
Result :
1. San (Kalahari, 칼라하리 사막, forager 사냥꾼) : no illusion
2. Evanston (US undergraduate, 에번스턴), European in South Africa: significantly different
WEIRD illusion by Segall : reason
ontogeny in carpentered environment
WEIRD spatial reference system
Egocentric orientation
relative spatial location
ex. right side of the house
WEIRD spatial reference system
Allocentric orientation
geocentric language, absolute spatial location term
ex. west of the house
WEIRD spatial reference system
Allocentric orientation ex)
Guugu Yimithirr (Austrailian) 강구 이미쳐, Tzeltal 트질탈 (Mayan)
Two different spatial reference systems use ____
different spatial language
WEIRD thought
Holistic

Orientation toion to the _____
attention to relationships between ____ and ____
self is ______ on group
ex) _______
context
focal object, field
dependent, East Asia
WEIRD thought
Analytics

_______ of object from ______
self is ____ from group
ex) ______
detachment, field
independent
USA
WEIRD thought
Test(explain, result)
Rod(낙싯대) and Frame test
turn the rod to make it upright

USA field-independent
East Asian field dependent
수렵가
forager
목축가
pastoralist
농경가
horticulturalist
The ultimatum game- def.
Responder can decide to reject
The dictator game- def.
Responder can't decide to reject (baseline generosity)
The ultimatum game- rational
Rational: offer at lest/ accept any offer
The dictator game- rational
Rational: offer zero/ no choice
Public good game
called harambee game
Everyone decides what
Ultimatum Game
- The most common offer is ___
- Mean offers between ___ and ____
- Offer _____ are rejected _____ of the time
50
40,45
20, 50
Dictator game
- Mean offer: between ___ and ___
20-30
WEIRD population are more ________ than predicted by a purely rational stragy
cooperative
Other culture- ultimatum game
- Proposer
- Response
- In some cultures
- Greater range than students
- also more variable/ depend on society
- No offer rejected, some more than 50% rejected
_______ societies offered more/// reason
market-depedent// more interaction with stranger
society that must ____ in _____ offered more
cooperate in foraging ex) Lamalera
________
_______ in Kenya
The tradition of "__________"
• local fund to build public good (road, school)
• _______ in Ultimatum Game
• _______ Game called the _______game
Everyone decides _______, amount is doubled and split _______
(rational: _______ )
• Everyone contributed _______; on average _______of their endowment
• _______ full contributors (put their entire endowment in)
• more generous than _______
Orma
Pastoralist
harambee
gernous
the public good harrambee
What to contribute
evenly
zero
genously
58%
25%
more generous than WEIRD students
______
Amazon forest ______
__________ is ____________
• Hunters share meat________among households.
• Sharing is ________. Boasting is________.
• Successful hunters leave prey outside village to be discovered _________
• Ultimatum Game
• 79% of the proposers offered _________
• 16% offered ________
•_____________________________
Ache
forager
Hunting, risky and uncertain
equally
the norm, taboo
anonymously
40-50%
more than 50%
no offers were rejected
Papua New Guinea: __________societies
• Ultimatum Game
- Many offered__________
- Many such__________ rejected
•______________________________
- A gift is an__________; __________ accumulate
- __________ (e.g., __________)
- __________are often refused
• Hence large gifts are _________
- _________ in the Ultimatum Game
- _________
Au and Gnau
> 50%
large offers
Melanesian Gift Giving Culture
an obligation, unpaid gifts
Payment can be demanded anytime, political alliance
Excessively large gifts
a form of power
Often offered
Often refused
_________
_________society
Opposite behavior from _________
- Also_________meat among households
- Considered _________, _________
- Norms _________
- _________ about sharing; _________
• Ultimatum Game
- _________ the camp, _________the offer.
- _________ offer in_________camps (anonymous, one-shot)
- Also saw _________ punished by _________
Hadza
Forager
the South American Aché
share
a burden, necessary to avoid public censure(비난)
enforced by gossip, social sanctions, ostracism(배척)
Complain
will wait until dark, sneak into village with meat
Larger
the larger
Smallest
smallest
small offers
rejection
---------
Cooperation, sharing, exchange only occurs ---------
• No need for ---------; used---------only (--------- etc.)
• No interaction with---------
• Ultimatum Game
- ---------offers
- Mean ---------
Machiguenga
within family unit
personal names
kin names Daughter, Uncle, etc.)
strangers
Lowest
22%
___________
___________ society
- Ultimatum Game
• 63% divided pie ___________
• Others offered___________ (mean 58%)
- Culture of dividing spoils
• Whale is very large packet; needs ___________
• Designated person divides into ___________that go to
• Harpooner, crew members, others in hunt, sailmaker, members of hunter's group,
also community members who contributed nothing
• ___________was ___________
• Treated as a 'whale' — ___________
Lamalera(라마레라)
Forager (Whale hunting)
equally
>50% (the most generosity)
whole crew
specific 'cut
endowment
10 days wages
split it up evenly
Why do the Lamalera respond this way?
• Behavior: Lamalera response to Ultimatum Game, giving ______ to Responder
• A developmental psychologist would say ______: they grew up in a culture where ______ so they learned to share in this way.
• A neuroscientist would say ______: The Ultimatum decision is ______ in ______
areas (______) and ______ areas (______ ; Sanfey et al. 2003.
Science).
• A behavioral ecologist would say ______: ______ has evolved to exploit a
resource (______) in the environment that cannot be hunted by ______ but
requires a ______ of skilled hunters, each playing different roles. Therefore this behavior is
seen in the Lamalera.
• An anthropologist would say ______: the Lamalera are humans, which has a long
______of being more______ than predicted by a rational player strategy.
• Therefore, ______ has been ______ but their particular _ ______ is
______ to the environment and it arises via ______ and ______.
58%
Ontogeny
where sharing large packet is the norm
Mechanism
encoded,
emotional -anterior insula
cognitive - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Function
cooperative hunting, whale, one or two ppl, group
phylogeny
evolutionary history prosocial
prosociality inherited
level of prosociality
adapted
neural
onto genetic mechanism.
and yet....

-All cultures show ____________.
• No society showed "____________"
• ______ still exceeded that seen in other ______
- But norms adapted to______
• long-term lineage survival strategies
• E.g., ______ versus ______
• Explain different responses in ______
cooperative norms
pure selfishness
cooperation, primates
ecological demands
long-term lineage survival strategies
whaling, small game hunting
economic decision.
Summary

Ultimatum Game performance is - what humans consider 'fair' - is ______.
- In fact, WEIRD populations
• Live in__________________
• Business transactions require the ability to ______
•______ is observed by third parties and will be rewarded in______
- In societies without these interactions
• The______ is to offer ______s; in some cases, to refuse ______ offers
33
universal
market-integrated societies
trust strangers
generosity, future
adaptive behavior, less, large
Ecology drives culture, culture drives behavior
- ___________: invent nut cracking in dry forest of Brazil
- _________: invent bubble net in one population
- _________ : aggressive responses to perceived slights
- artifact of historical legacy of ___________ (___________)
- ___________: ___________of protective melanin of
skin, side effect of eye iris also depigmenting (blue eyes).
- Rice production has had similar effects
• ___________: individualistic, rely on themselves, violent (aka American)
• ___________: individualistic but___________ violent
• ___________: must cooperate to manage___________
Capuchin monkeys
Humpback whales
Culture of Honor in US Deep South
independent herders (livestock)
Wheat-based diet in Northern Europe, depigmentation
Herding heritage
Wheat farming heritage
Rice (traditional paddy),violent farming heritage, irrigation
___________ of thought
- ___________ thinkers (15% of humans) - ___________
• Perceive the world of being made up of discrete, individual objects, that can be
related to each other
• Hence: ___________ affected by Frame in "Rod and Frame"; "field ___________ "
• See people's behavior as a ___________
- ___________ thinkers (85% of humans) - ___________
• Perceive the world in_______
• See people's behavior as a consequence of___________
Dichotomy
ANALYTIC,INDIVIDUALISTIC
less, independent
HOLISTIC, COLLECTIVISTIC
inter-connected scenes
their surroundings
Rice and human evolution
- Paddy (wet) rice production
requires___________
- ___________ cooperation needed
among ___________ than ___________ farmers
- Han Chinese in rice areas (N=1162),
compared to wheat areas
• More___________ thought
• More ___________ socially
large- scale
more, rice, wheat
holistic
interdependent
The participants were not necessarily farmers
• As in the Culture of Honor — the differences were not from personal experience but
from inherited cultural beliefs of correct behavior
• Set up "chair trap" in Starbucks: difficult to pass through
• PREDICTION:
• People from wheat farming regions would act individualistically, and move the chairs
• People from rice farming regions would accommodate themselves to the situation
• Beijing: traditional wheat farming area, 92% participants from wheat area
• Shanghi: traditional rice farming area; 89% from rice area
...
Wheat people moved chair 3x more
Wheat people also more likely to sit alone
...
Summary
• Our cultural history shapes our behavior
• How we perceive the world (visual illusions, categorizing objects)
• How we interact with the world (moving chairs)
• How we interact with other people (Ultimatum offers, sitting alone or together)
• Unfortunately, psychological research conducted on
• WEIRD participants
• Mostly American (extreme WEIRD)
• Many Liberal (even more WEIRD)
• Worst of all: only 12% of humans, thus not representative of the species
• Keep this in mind as we explore human nature...
43
...
Students also viewed