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Biology- Exam 1

Terms in this set (108)

The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their envoirnments

Knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws

Scientific method

Method of research with defined

Testable hypothesis

Has to be able to conduct experiments

Make predictions are vulnerable are testable and repeatable

Null hypothesis

Alternate hypothesis

Donate/accept electrons
Strong bonds

Share electrons
Strong bonds

+/- charge attraction
Weak bonds

Electrons are donated from one atom to another atom

Carbon/covalent bond

Carbon atom could shave the four electrons of it's outer-most shell within four from another atom

Atoms form covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules or other groups

Functional groups

Have regular consistent structures and decimal properties

Hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom

Important in biological systems

Water, nucleic, acids, protein, structure

Biological macromolecules

Large molecules necessary for life, built from smaller organic molecules

Dehydration/hydrolysis reactions

Catalyzed "sped up" by specific enzymes

Dehydration reactions

include the formation of new bonds, requiring energy

Hydrolysis reactions

Break bonds and release energy

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, most common in glucose

Form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (or a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis)

Water loving
Molecules usually charged or polar

Water fearing
Molecules usually not charged or polar

Cells build new organic compounds

From scratch using CO2 or other simple C compounds

Repeating submits joined by the same chemical bond

Simple sugars joined by glycosidic bond

Fatty acids diglycerides, sterols, waxes

Nucleotides joined by a phospidieter bond

Monosaccharides differ in

Number of carbons, position of OH & H groups, presence of aldehyde or ketone

Complex carbohydrates

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin

Starch vs cellulose

both polymers of glucose
Starch is for energy storage
Cellulose is structural

Unified cell theory

States that one or more cells comprise all living things, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing

Cytotechnologist

professional who study cells via microscopic examinations and other laboratory tests

Unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bond organelle

Cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

Central part of prokaryotic cells central part where the chromosome is located

Prokaryotes sometimes have ___________?

Flagella, pili, or fímbria

Used for locomotion

Exchange genetic material during conjugation

Use fimbriae to attach to host cell

Prokaryotic cell

Much smaller than eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

have a membrane sound nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins and separates the cells internal content from it's surrounding environment

Entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

Houses the cells DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosome and protein

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus and outermost portion

Semi solid fluid inside the nucleus where we find the chromatin and nucleolus

Structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the hereditary material

Unwound protein-chromosome complexes

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

The cells "powerhouse" or "energy factories"
Responsible for making adenosine triphosphate the cells main energy-carrying molecule

Small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes

Long chains of (CH2) ending in -COOH bonds could be single or some could be double

All single bonds

Saturated fatty acids

One double bond

Mono-unsaturated

Two or more double bond

Polyunsaturated

Glycerides can be

The main constituent of body fat

Phospholids are

Lack fatty acids
Rigid backbone of 4 fused rings of Carbon and Hydrogen

Large molecular weight, biochemicals composed of smaller subunits called amino acids

Protein functions:

Structural: spider webs, feathers
Enzymatic: mediate/control metabolic process
Transport: move other molecules across membranes
Nutrition: milk (casein) egg white,
Hormonal: signal changes in cell activity

Subunits of proteins
R groups gives amino acids

Polypeptide chain

Protein
An amino end and a carboxyl end

Four levels of protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Secondary structure

Amino acids close to one another in primary structure

Tertiary structure

Long distance interactions between amino acids
Distant from one another in primary structure

Quaternary structure

Two or more polypeptides come together forming a functional molecule

Proteins can be denatured

Change in protein shape that renders the protein less or non-functional
May or may not be reversible
Disruption of H bonds that stabilize

Proteins can be modified

Usually post synthesis
Addition of molecules or functional groups

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Phosphates

Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Phosphoproteins

Polymers of nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
Ribose sugar
Phosphate

Joined together by a phosphodiester bond

Features of DNA structures

Double stranded
Structure governed by base pairing

Phospholipid bilayer

Embedded with proteins
Surrounds cell surface and organelles

Semi-fluid, gel like matrix
Very high protein concentrations
Structural proteins of cytoskeleton

Organized structure enclosed by lipid membrane
Varying in kind & number depending on cell type

Double membrane structure
Contains almost all DNA in the cell
Membrane has pores for regulated movement of substances into and out of nucleus

Dark staining structure inside
Always present but not always visible
Complex of proteins and RNA molecules
Functions to produce ribosomes

Large DNA molecules complexed with proteins
Contain information for functioning of the cell
Structures for the equal distillation of genetic information between daughter cells
Different forms depending on the cell state

Condensed chromosomes

DNA tightly packaged for distribution to daughter cells
Little expressions of information in the DNA

Uncondensed chromosomes

DNA expanded
Accessible for explosion of information

Endomembrane system

Internal membrane system in eukaryotic cells
Includes: nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum

Functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Proteins: membrane proteins secreted proteins, synthesized by bound ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Series of flattened membranes called cisternae
Resembles stack of pancakes
Interconnected by vesicles (no direct connection)
Modification of proteins and lipids

Membrane bound spheres in cytosol interior of vesicles is often very different environment from cytosol
Functions: transport protein turnover, small molecule turnover

Function: oxidative metabolism role in apptosis
Series of membrane systems that form independent apartments within the organelle

Function: reactions of photosynthesis, energy storage
Structural features: series of membrane systems that form independent compartments within the organelle
We do not have chloroplasts

Function: structural support, means vesicle, organelle movement, dynamic for the most parts, cell movement
Structural features: filaments and tubules
Elements: microtubules microfilaments (actin) intermediate filaments

Grow and sink within the cell
Grown only within the cell
Grown only from one end

Polymers of actin, provide structural support, dynamic, grow & shrink, can modified by a number of factors-- capped, severed,

Intermediate filaments

Polymers of one of several proteins
Stable once formed- one exception: nuclear lamina
Involved in cell structure, structure of the nucleus, connects between adjacent cells

Cilia and flagella

Specific arrangements of microtubules
Group of parallel tubes
Sliding of parallel tubules against one another causes whiplash type movement
Propels single celled organism (flagella)
Moves fluid around or within organism (cilia)

Cell-to-cell connections

Multi protein complexes that provide specific functions

Tight junctions

Tight seals between adjacent cells

Adherens junctions

Join cells are stretched and keeps them aligned via the actin cytoskeleton

Channels between cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Cardiac tissue

Channels between cytoplasm of adjacent cells --> found in plants

Extracellular matrix

Function: structural and biochemical support
Plats: cellulose cell walls
Animals: fibroncetin, collagen

Resists transit of all substances

Allows select substances to transit feely and resists the direct transit of others

Biological membranes

Permeable to: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, some other small molecules
Impermeable to: ions, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, macromolecules

Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
Energetically favorable

Movement of water across membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Hypertonic surroundings

Solute concentration higher than that of the cell

Isotonic surroundings

Solute concentration equal to that of the cell

Hypotonic surroundings

Solute concentration lower than that of the cell

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