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8: Methods

Terms in this set (25)

The Scientific Method
1. Choosing a ________ to be answered
2. Formulating a ________ regarding the question
3. Developing a ________ for testing the hypothesis
4. Using the resulting ________ to draw a ________
regarding the hypothesis
question
hypothesis
method
data
conclusion
1. Choosing a question to be answered

Adults report the________ more
often than any other fear, including death
(Dwyer & Davidson, 2012)
Humans spend much time thinking about what others think of them (=________)

Research question: is this concern ________?
the fear of public speaking
- concern for reputation)
human-unique
2. Formulating a hypothesis regarding the question

Yong children, but ________, care about their reputation

reason2
chimpanzees

1. higly social, cooperative -> care about other people

2. considering reputation is very complex cognitive thinking
3. Developing a method for testing the hypothesis

________condition: observed
________ condition : unobserved
important!!!!!
experiment
control
independent, dependent????
4. Using the resulting data to draw a conclusion
regarding the hypothesis
children unobserved- steal/ observed- helping
children care reputation
RELIABILITY
The degree to which independent measurements of a behavior under study
are _______ is referred to as reliability.

2
consistent
interrater reliability
test-retest reliability
interrater reliability
indicates how much agreement
there is is in the observations
of different raters who witness
the _______ behavior -_______
same, coding
test-retest reliability
tests whether measures of
a child's performance on the same test,
administered under the _______conditions,
are similar on ______________ occasions
same , two or more
VALIDITY
The validity of an experiment refers to the degree to which it ____________________________________________________________

2
measures what
it is intended to measure

internal validity
external validity
internal validity
refers to whether effects
observed within experiments
can be attributed with confidence
to _____________
the factor the
researcher is testing

measure punishment or reputation?
external validity
refers to the ability to
_____________ research findings
_____________ the particulars of the _____________
experimental design.
generalize beyond specific

happend in real life
Method 1: Interviews

2

pros cons
interview/questionnaire
clinical interview -interview can go different direction

+
Large amounts of data
in-depth information

-
not appropriate for infants - not ask if they can't speak
social desirability - shy not say
Method 2: Observations

Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment ______ by the
researcher

pros cons
not controlled

+
naturalistically relevant
everyday social interactions

-
relevant behaviors rare
often only descriptive
Method 3: Experiments


Researchers ______ ______ ______that will elicit behavior that is relevant to a
hypothesis and then observe how different children behave in that situation

pros cons
design a situation
+
reveals psychological
mechanisms
-
Potential lack of
external validity
random assignment
participants randomly distributed
test condition vs control condition
manipulate 0 x
experimental group versus control group
manipulate 0 x
independent variable versus dependent variable
manipulate 0 x
cross-sectional design versus longitudinal design
different age - 2 year grou, 4 year grou
same individual with different age
Method 3: Experiments
eye-tracking technology
where do children look?
can be used for preverbal

preference paradigm
- 1:3 - look longer, 2:2
- expect equally as we look what we prefer

violation of expectation paradigm
- pen drop- expect to drop - look
Method 3: Experiments
eye-tracking technology
how do children react?
affective response
pupil dilation
Experiments
depth-sensor imaging technology
tract body posture
5-more proud when help other people
Approach I: Cross-Cultural
WEIRD - 90
Non WEIRD - 6
Approach II: Comparative
human with different animals ex. apes
Approach III: Computational
Combining computational models and behavioral experiments
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