Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Terms in this set (40)

What are the diagnostic criteria for Reactive Attachment Disorder?
A. A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers, manifested by both of the following:
1. The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
2. The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when distressed
B. A persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by at least 2 of the following:
1. Minimal social and emotional responsiveness
2. Limited positive affect
3. Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident even during nonthreatening interactions with adult caregivers
C. The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care as evidenced by at least 1 of the following:
1. Social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs for comfort, stimulation, and affection met by caregiving adults
2. Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments
3. Rearing in unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form selective attachments
D. The care in criterion C is presumed to be responsible for the disturbed behavior in criterion A
E. The criteria are not met for ASD
F. The disturbance is evident before age 5 years
G. The child has a developmental age of at least 9 months
What are the diagnostic features of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors
- absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults
- fail to show behavioral manifestations of selective attachments (when distressed, they show no consistent effort to obtain comfort, support, nurturance, or protection from caregivers)
- absnece of expected comfort seeking and response to comforting behaviors
- dimished or absent expression of positive emotions during routine interactions with caregivers
- emotion regulation capacity is compromised
What are some associated features supporting the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- developmental delays
- delays in cognition and language
- stereotypies and other signs of severe neglect
What's the prevalence rate of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
relatively rare, even in severely neglected children is less than 10%
What is the development and course of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- conditions of social neglect are often present in the first months of life
- may persist for at least several years
What are the risk and prognostic factors for Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- serious social neglect is a diagnostic requirement
- prognosis depends on the quality of the caregiving environment following serious neglect
What are the functional consequences of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- significantly impairs young children's abilities to related interpersonally to adults or peers
- associated with functional impairment across many domains of early childhood
What conditions are often comorbid with Reactive Attachment Disorder?
- cognitive delays
- language delays
- stereotypies
- severe malnutrition
- depressive symptoms
What are the diagnostic criteria for Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
A. A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults and exhibits at least 2 of the following:
1. Reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults
2. Overly familiar verbal or physical behavior (that is not consistent with culturally santioned and with age-appropriate social boundaries)
3. Diminished or absent checking back with adult caregiver after venturing away, even in unfamiliar settings
4. Willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation
B. The behavior in criterion A are not limited to impulsivity but include socially disinhibited behavior
C. The child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care as evidenced by at least 1 of the following:
1. Social neglect or deprivation in the form of persistent lack of having basic emotional needs for comfort, stimulation, and affection met by caregiving adults
2. Repeated changes of primary caregivers that limit opportunities to form stable attachments
3. Rearing in unusual settings that severely limit opportunities to form selective attachments
D. The care in criterion C is presumed to be responsible for the disturbed behavior in criterion A
E. The child has a developmental age of at least 9 months
What are the diagnostic features of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- a pattern of behavior that involves culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with relative strangers (that violates the social boundaries of the culture)
What are some associated features supporting the diagnosis of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- developmental delays
- cognitive and language delays
- stereotypies
- other signs of severe neglect (malnutrition or poor care)
- signs of the disorder often persist even after these other signs of neglect are no longer present
- can be present in children who show no signs of disordered attachment
What is the prevalence rate of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- appears to be rare
- in high-risk populations, about 20% of children
What is the development and course of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- conditions of social neglect are often present in the first months of life
- attention-seeking behaviors in pre-schoolers
- middle childhood: verbal and physical overfamiliarity & inauthentic expression of emotions
- at the youngest ages, children show reticence when interacting with strangers
- adolescents have more "superficial" peer relationships and more peer conflicts
What are the risk and prognostic factors of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- serious social neglect is a diagnostic requirement and also the only known risk factor
- prognosis is only modestly associated with quality of the caregiving environment
What are the functional consequences of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
- significantly impairs young children's abilities to relate interpersonally to adults and peers
Sets with similar terms