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COD Bio 1151 Chapters 22-24

Terms in this set (71)

Evolution
genetic change over time
Georges Cuvier
invented Catastrophism
French anatomist and paleontologist
Catastrophism
species are wiped out by sudden events like floods or volcanoes, later God replaces with new life forms
James Hutton
invented Gradualism
Scottish Geologist
Gradualism
large differences between ancient and modern life forms are due to an accumulation of many small changes over a long period of time
Charles Lyell
British Geologist
invented Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism
changes in life forms and geological processes occur at a slow uniform rate; the earth is very old and processes happening today have been occuring a long time (we would say this is rare)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
French anatomist
Had two good ideas and two bad ideas!
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: complex organisms of today evolved from simple organisms of the past
good idea
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: changes that organisms undergo are tied to the environment
good idea
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: structures used a lot will become stronger and larger, while those not used much will deteriorate and vanish over time; if cost exceeds benefit, it will decrease and vice versa, it will increase (aka Use and Disuse)
bad idea
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: modifications to the body that occur over one's lifetime can be passed on to the offspring
bad idea
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace
descent with modification and natural selection
Individuals in a population vary with respect to many characteristics
Darwins observations
these traits can be passed on to offspring
Darwins observation
populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
Darwins observation and Thomas Malthus
This produces competition for food and resources so some offspring survive and some do not
Darwins observations
Those individuals with traits that are better adapted to the environment will have a better chance of surviving and producing surviving offspring
Natural Selection
differential reproduction
reproducing at a higher rate than others
heritable modifications that improve the chances of survival and reproduction in a specific environment
Adaptations
a measure of the relative contribution of reproducing offspring to future generations, it's not how many eggs you lay but rather how many grow up to reproduce that counts
Darwinian Fitness
Natural selection operates at the level of
individual phenotype
the smallest unit of evolution is
populations
Gould and Eldridge
Punctuated equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium
evolution occurs in short rapid bursts followed by long periods of inactivity
transitional specimens
intermediates
vestigial traits
remnants of evolutionary past that are no longer functional
closely related species tend to be found in the same geographical area
biogeography
incredibly complicated relationships between plants and animals that have evolved over time
coevolution
primitive trait
a trait possessed by ancestors
derived trait
a trait that has been modified from its primitive condition
homologous traits
similar trait found in two different species because they share a common ancestor
analogous traits
similar trait found in two different species due to independently evolving a similar condition
convergent evolution
when two different species evolve to be more similar over time due to similar conditions
divergent evolution
when two closely-related species become more and more different over time ultimately leading to speciation
populations
a group of individuals of the same species in the same location
gene pool
all of the various genes of all the individuals within a population
mutation
the only source of truly new genetic material
gene flow
immigration of individuals into or out of a population taking their genes with them, results in a different gene pool in the now separated populations
genetic drift
random events that occur not under genetic control
examples of genetic drift
genetic bottleneck
founder's effect
directional selection
when one extreme is favored, results in anagenesis
anagenesis
Evolution of one species into a new species
disruptive selection
when both extremes are favored, results in cladogenesis
cladogenesis
speciation into two separate species
stabilizing selection
when the average is favored, population will not speciate
sexual dimorphism
when males and females have two different forms
Species
a group of similar looking individuals that can produce fertile offspring under natural conditions
prezygotic barriers
prevent an egg from being fertilized
the two species inhabit different habitats within the same territory
habitat isolation
reproduce at different times of year
temporal isolation
different courtship rituals
behavioral isolation
anatomical incompatibility
mechanical isolation
egg and sperm are incompatible
gametic isolation
postzygotic barriers
fertilized egg is produced but does not become a viable fertile adult
zygote fails to develop into an adult
hybrid inviability
offspring matures but is sterile
hybrid sterility
fertility is reduced in offspring and worsens with subsequent generations
hybrid breakdown
speciation
the process by which one species evolves into one more different species
geographic isolation of a subset of the population leads to:
allopatric speciation
reproductive barriers arise among a subset of a population within the same area
sympatric speciation
genetic mistakes produce gametes that if fertilized will lead to offspring with a different number of chromosomes than parents
polyploidy
an individual suffers a mistake during meiosis which produces diploid gametes that self fertilize into tetraploid offspring
autopolyploidy
when 2 species produce a sterile hybrid, the sterile hybrid produces an odd gamete that is fertilized by a normal gamete resulting in offspring with a different number of chromosomes
allopolyploidy
when genetic changes allow some members to exploit part of a habitat that the main population can't, then they specialize on this microhabitat and become unique
habitat differentiation
when some females prefer males with one color pattern and other females of the same species prefer males with a different color pattern, over time these preferences could lead to the population splitting into 2 distinct groups
sexual selection
when many species diverge from a common ancestor
adaptive radiation
border regions where two species meet and occasionally mate
hybrid zones
if hybrids are less viable, strengthening of reproductive barriers in the hybrid zones
reinforcement
if hybrids are viable the distinctions between the two species may disappear over time
fusing of the two species over time
hybrid zone continues
status quo
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