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L8 Adaptations for Survival

Terms in this set (26)

Primate - rhini
nose
Why nose so diverse?
3 possible hypotheses
evolutionary artifact, respiration, olfaction(후각)
Artifact:
______evolution such as______ drift
______ - Most cranial bones neutral but ______bones under
______selection (Cramon-Taubel 2014) (______ selection)
Wrong
neutral - genetic (random)
nasal- positive
Respiration:
_______ creates turbulence, heats and
humidifies air before it enters lungs
______ - Thomson & Buxton (1913, 1923) + active research
• Geographical variation not explained by hypothesis
(Maddux et al., 2016. Am J Phys Anthrop)
• Flow is laminar_________ (Zwicker et al. 2018.
PNAS)
Wrong

pyramid
not turbulent
Hippocampus
olfaction
Using olfaction
- Odors are _______ (Wilson & Stevenson)
- Perceived in 2 ways
• _______(single) ex.coffee
• _______(mix)
• Expectation_________
- Element is a _______
• Gradient (Bearing map)
- Configuration is _______
• Positional (Sketch map)
visual objects
Element
Configuration
driven perception
compass - direction
object- figure
olfaction -> brain
Jurassic mamals -> Miocene primates
Large olfactory bulb, complex sulci -> neocortical expansion
what first
olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus
Why cetaceans have a reduced
hippocampus
dolphin - olfactory - no hippocampus - not important
birds
highly visual species but use odor to navigate
8.2
Smelling in stereo
measure distance
Stereo olfaction is better
- _________ with two sensors
• Information-theoretic (Boie et al., 2018)
- _________: more accurate with two nostrils
• homing pigeons (Gagliardo et al., 2011)
- _________: more accurate with two
nostrils
• humans (Porter et al., 2006)
- _________: stereo more efficient
• shorter, less intense sniffs than mono for same
level of spatial accuracy
More information
Mapping
Surface trail
Plume following
Separate spatial samples
Slug tentacles
Honeybee antennae
Lobster and crab antennule

Also in vertebrates - 척추
Snake- bifurcated tongue
Hammerhead shark- cephalofoil
Tube increases separation
-Increased _________
• narrows focus
- Increased _________
• separates
- Tube + flow
• increase _________ between catchment areas
separation
height
flow rate
separation
Mammal nose
input and output different part -> input is not contaminated by output
sea birds
smell of Krill thousand of miles away

open sea navigation
prey detection
8.3
Why humans evolved
an external nose
Appears first in Homo
A third hypothesis: olfaction
- Hypothesis: _________ is a _________ nose that evolved to enhance _________ olfaction
- Why first in Homo?
• Pyramid appeared with _________ (Lieberman, 2011)
• First hominid with _________ bipedal locomotion
• More energy efficient, allowed for _________ _________ travel
(Bramble & Lieberman, 2004)
- Corollary of olfactory spatial hypothesis
• Olfactory systems co-evolve with _________ _________
• Greater space use, greater need for _________ _________
pyramid tube stereo
bipedality
efficient, - long distance
space use
spatial olfaction
How Homo evolved
- _________changes
• Closed forest became__________________habitat,
resources _________
- Increased use of bipedality
• To forage over__________________
- Increased cooperation
• To increase__________________ and survival
of offspring through_________
- Increases in __________________size
climate- habitat - bipedal - cooperation - body and brain size

dry, open habitat,- spaceed out

larger distance

hunting efficiency- alloparenting- 동종 부모역할
Homo erectus: global ape
"Bigger, smarter, faster"
New challenges
- New competitors
• __________hunting carnivores
•__________home ranges, __________pursuit
• Olfactory bulb size scales with space use
- Human __________ allowed humans to
compete for the same prey species
• specialized endurance pursuit: run prey
animals to __________
Cooperative, Large , olfactory
bipedality , exhaustion
Decreased space use
• Invention of______ (12,000 yr)
• Traditionally: large foraging ranges
• Neolithic:______ foraging ranges
• Agriculture increased ______
• Increased______
• Increased______
• Increased ______
agriculture
small- sedentism
population density,disease, social stratification(계층화)
Pathogen detection
- Diverse mammals use olfaction to detect_____,
including humans
• Recently reviewed in: 2018 (volume 373),
Philosophical Transactions. Royal Soc. Lond. B.
- E.g., human olfactory cortex detects__________ in urine, increases_______________
• transiently activated inflammation from bacterial
endotoxin injection (Dantzer et al. 2008 Nat Rev
Neurosci)
• 'sick' face _______________, 'sick' odor less
_____ and lowered_______________
disease, inflammation, social knowledge

less socially desirable, pleasant , liking of faces
A diagnostic nose
____________r nose
• Larger____________
• Larger ____________vortex
Better
____________
• High____________
Narrower - notch, vortex
discrimination- mucosal
solubility odors
The Shape Shifting Nose
1. The __________ Nose
• 1.6 million years, evolves in __________
• __________olfaction for long-distance travel
2. The__________ Nose
• 12,000 years, only since __________
• __________ selection for stereo olfaction
3. Increased selection fo__________
• S__________(__________ __________)
• ______ odors (______ ______)
4. Nose shape tuned to______ function
Navigational - homo- streo
Diagnostic- Neolithic - reduced
discrimination- social- kin, disease, food- nutrient,spoilage
olfactory
Conclusions
>100 years, only one adaptive hypothesis
1. Surely we must consider an olfactory
function for the _________ nose
2. The navigational nose: evolved to enhance
_________olfaction,_________ with diverse
animal species
3. The diagnostic nose: recent_________ in function
4. Broader impact: nose shape has incited
racism and _________genocide; identifying
_________can inform our understanding of the
_________ _________ of human variation.
39
external nose
n- stereo, convergent
d- shift
b- ethnic, function lived consequence
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