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Combo with "Ethics Exam 2" and 2 others
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Terms in this set (66)
ethics
standards of behaviors that tell us how we ought to act; not based on opinion, religion etc
ethical dilemma
occurs when there are two morally justifiable choices and one needs to be made
Consequentialism
value maximizing - who are the stakeholders and what are the risks and benefits
Deontology
duty based - what would the perfect nurse do; based on ANA code of ethics
Moral distress
Occurs when a barrier prevents a nurse from acting in a way they see morally justifiable
Best interest Standard
Parents/surrogates make decisions based off of this idea of beneficence
Informed permission
Parents give this rather than informed consent
assent
Affirmative agreement; older children participate in decision making when developmentally appropriate
dissent
When a child refuses treatment
Coercion
Forced treatment; manipulation
Surrogate
A substitute person to make a judgement about a patient and treatment based on what they know what the patient would want
Biological life
being a homo sapien; genetics; we are a human being
Biographical life
refers to social roles; being a moral individual; your life story
Quantity of life
length of life
Sanctity of life (vitalist)
They believe in peserving life at all costs; no distinction between biological and biographical life
Quality of life
Ones view of what gives life value/makes life worth living
Personhood
having characteristics or qualities of being a person
Person
in addition to being a homosapien, there is also consideration for social roles, memberships, relationships and moral capacity
Potential person
Embryo, fertilized egg, fetus
Former person
permanently lost personhood; ex vegetative state
Non Person
Humans that can never obtain 'personhood' ex) anencephalic infants
Compassion fatigue
Being hit with difficult situations over and over that you begin to lose empathy
Burnout
Follows spiritual/compassion fatigue; has physical symptoms and leads to ending of a profession
DNR
Do not resuscitate - a physicans order with patient consent (not always required); No CPR to be performed but other life saving techniques might be
Slow Code
Medical professionals not sincerely running a code because the patient is terminally ill but the family still wants 'everything to be done'
Doctrine of double effect
Doing something morally good/neutral but can (does not intend to) have a negative effect (ex - giving morphine to relieve pain in a terminally ill patient that will probably shorten patients life span from respiratory depression)
Suffering
Personal experience; accompanied by intense emotion. The meaning of the experience is usually in question
Active euthanasia
An agent acts directly to cause death
Passive euthanasia
witholding or withrawing life sustaining treatment causing death
involuntary euthanasia
Euthanasia done against patient or surrogates wishes
Non voluntary euthanasia
Euthanasia done without certain knowledge from a patient;
commision
physical harm to someone
omission
witholding things from someone - ex not paying gas bill
Utilitarian justice theory
This approach would select the most cost efficient use of resources; example is triaging - giving resources to those who would benefit the most from them
Libertarians justice theory
this approach would want to ensure that liberty rights (free choice) are supported in a 'free market'. If you can afford to pay for the resource, you should be able to purchase it
Egalitarian justice theory
Equal distribution of benefits and burdens;
ex's - each person gets an equal share of the resource no matter the circumstance; or treat like cases alike, and different cases differently; or the lotto method - equal chance to 'win' the resource
Communitarian justice theory
Focuses on the good of the community over the individual; goals - cooperation, traditions, social goals, COMMON GOOD!
Kantian justice theory
Unbiasedly doing or following duty to distribute goods
Veracity
Tell the truth
Fidelity
Keep your promises; ex if you tell a patient you will be back in 10 minutes, be back in ten minutes
Confidences
Don't disclose patient information
General Moral Rules
Rules that apply to everyone, anywhere, at anytime
Particular moral rules
Rules that apply to those in a specific setting; for example standard precautions or informed consent
Moral discernment
Deciding whether or not a moral rule can be broken - takes intelligence and knowledge about the moral rule to decide
Ethical Relativism
The position that what is ethical among individuals and cultures can differ
Ethical subjectivism
When each individual decides what is right or wrong
Ethical objectivists (universalists)
There are universal rules and standards that apply, regardless of culture
Deontology
Rule/duty based; developed by Kant; we must follow rules despite what someone else wishes;
Categorical imperative
We 'ought' to treat others the way we want to be treated
Practical imperative
We should not treat others for our own ends
Consequentialism
'Value maximizing' - basing a decision on what the outcomes will be and which one maximizes the most benefit (for example going through chemotherapy for the benefit of surviving and having a longer life despite side effects of treatment)
Egoists
Consequentialists that value themselves
Univeralist utilitarian
Consequentialists that value every persons perspective evenly
(Principilism) Autonomy
Respecting the competent patients capacity to make decisions about their life
Paternalism
An adult being treated as if he or she is a child by a person acting in authority; "I know what is best for the patient -MD" (actually you don't though...not unless you are preventing harm which the patient would eventually consent to if in a different state of mind)
(Principilism) Beneficence
Do good! You are DOING something which benefits the patient
(Principilism) Nonmaleficence
Do NOT harm. You choosing to not do something to prevent harming the patient (like sticking the patient 7 times to get blood)
(Principilism) Justice
To treat everyone equally
Rights
Morally justified claims; exist regardless if they are actually 'claimed
Positive rights
Morally justified to have something - ex healthcare access
Negative rights
Morally justified to be FREE of something - ex to not be beaten up
Virtue
Your character; Who YOU are; the core of morality; determined by habits
Kohlberg
Developed a theory about the development of morals and justice
Gilligan
Developed a theory about the development of morals and caring
Fowler
Developed the theory about spiritual development
Kant
Developed the theory of deontology
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