Combo with "Ethics Exam 2" and 2 others

Terms in this set (66)

standards of behaviors that tell us how we ought to act; not based on opinion, religion etc

ethical dilemma

occurs when there are two morally justifiable choices and one needs to be made

Consequentialism

value maximizing - who are the stakeholders and what are the risks and benefits

duty based - what would the perfect nurse do; based on ANA code of ethics

Occurs when a barrier prevents a nurse from acting in a way they see morally justifiable

Best interest Standard

Parents/surrogates make decisions based off of this idea of beneficence

Informed permission

Parents give this rather than informed consent

Affirmative agreement; older children participate in decision making when developmentally appropriate

When a child refuses treatment

Forced treatment; manipulation

A substitute person to make a judgement about a patient and treatment based on what they know what the patient would want

Biological life

being a homo sapien; genetics; we are a human being

Biographical life

refers to social roles; being a moral individual; your life story

Quantity of life

Sanctity of life (vitalist)

They believe in peserving life at all costs; no distinction between biological and biographical life

Quality of life

Ones view of what gives life value/makes life worth living

having characteristics or qualities of being a person

in addition to being a homosapien, there is also consideration for social roles, memberships, relationships and moral capacity

Potential person

Embryo, fertilized egg, fetus

permanently lost personhood; ex vegetative state

Humans that can never obtain 'personhood' ex) anencephalic infants

Compassion fatigue

Being hit with difficult situations over and over that you begin to lose empathy

Follows spiritual/compassion fatigue; has physical symptoms and leads to ending of a profession

Do not resuscitate - a physicans order with patient consent (not always required); No CPR to be performed but other life saving techniques might be

Medical professionals not sincerely running a code because the patient is terminally ill but the family still wants 'everything to be done'

Doctrine of double effect

Doing something morally good/neutral but can (does not intend to) have a negative effect (ex - giving morphine to relieve pain in a terminally ill patient that will probably shorten patients life span from respiratory depression)

Personal experience; accompanied by intense emotion. The meaning of the experience is usually in question

Active euthanasia

An agent acts directly to cause death

Passive euthanasia

witholding or withrawing life sustaining treatment causing death

involuntary euthanasia

Euthanasia done against patient or surrogates wishes

Non voluntary euthanasia

Euthanasia done without certain knowledge from a patient;

physical harm to someone

witholding things from someone - ex not paying gas bill

Utilitarian justice theory

This approach would select the most cost efficient use of resources; example is triaging - giving resources to those who would benefit the most from them

Libertarians justice theory

this approach would want to ensure that liberty rights (free choice) are supported in a 'free market'. If you can afford to pay for the resource, you should be able to purchase it

Egalitarian justice theory

Equal distribution of benefits and burdens;
ex's - each person gets an equal share of the resource no matter the circumstance; or treat like cases alike, and different cases differently; or the lotto method - equal chance to 'win' the resource

Communitarian justice theory

Focuses on the good of the community over the individual; goals - cooperation, traditions, social goals, COMMON GOOD!

Kantian justice theory

Unbiasedly doing or following duty to distribute goods

Keep your promises; ex if you tell a patient you will be back in 10 minutes, be back in ten minutes

Don't disclose patient information

General Moral Rules

Rules that apply to everyone, anywhere, at anytime

Particular moral rules

Rules that apply to those in a specific setting; for example standard precautions or informed consent

Moral discernment

Deciding whether or not a moral rule can be broken - takes intelligence and knowledge about the moral rule to decide

Ethical Relativism

The position that what is ethical among individuals and cultures can differ

Ethical subjectivism

When each individual decides what is right or wrong

Ethical objectivists (universalists)

There are universal rules and standards that apply, regardless of culture

Rule/duty based; developed by Kant; we must follow rules despite what someone else wishes;

Categorical imperative

We 'ought' to treat others the way we want to be treated

Practical imperative

We should not treat others for our own ends

Consequentialism

'Value maximizing' - basing a decision on what the outcomes will be and which one maximizes the most benefit (for example going through chemotherapy for the benefit of surviving and having a longer life despite side effects of treatment)

Consequentialists that value themselves

Univeralist utilitarian

Consequentialists that value every persons perspective evenly

(Principilism) Autonomy

Respecting the competent patients capacity to make decisions about their life

An adult being treated as if he or she is a child by a person acting in authority; "I know what is best for the patient -MD" (actually you don't though...not unless you are preventing harm which the patient would eventually consent to if in a different state of mind)

(Principilism) Beneficence

Do good! You are DOING something which benefits the patient

(Principilism) Nonmaleficence

Do NOT harm. You choosing to not do something to prevent harming the patient (like sticking the patient 7 times to get blood)

(Principilism) Justice

To treat everyone equally

Morally justified claims; exist regardless if they are actually 'claimed

Positive rights

Morally justified to have something - ex healthcare access

Negative rights

Morally justified to be FREE of something - ex to not be beaten up

Your character; Who YOU are; the core of morality; determined by habits

Developed a theory about the development of morals and justice

Developed a theory about the development of morals and caring

Developed the theory about spiritual development

Developed the theory of deontology

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