condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiologic limits balance within the body homones, feedback mechanisms, nervous system
Immune response
fending off attacks by disease producing organisms, neutralizing toxic products repairing tissues
Resistance
the ability to ward off disease through our defenses inflammation, immunology nonspecific resistance and specific immunity
inflammation, gingivitis, and perio defense mechanism that provides protection against a varietyof pathogens includes barriers of the skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial chemicals, phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
Inflammation and Immunity
body's response to injury allows the body to eliminate injurious agents, contain injuries, and begin the process of healing
Immunity
involves the activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or foreign substance lymphatic system
Injury
an alteration in the environment that causes tissue damage physical, chemical, microbial, nutritional
Natual defenses against immunity
skin, oral mucosa, cilia and mucus in the respiratory system, stomach acid, saliva and tears, WBC's
Inflammation
its a nonspecific response to injury local or systemic acute or chronic aids in disposal of microbes, toxins, and foreign material prevents spread to other organs orepares the site for repair restore homeostasis
Acute
the duration is short, only lasting a few days may heal by regeneration or repair pain
Chronic
may last weeks, months or indefinitely injury continues
Local signs of inflammation
erythema/redness swelling pain loss of tissue function calor, tumor, dolor, rubor
injury to tissue (bacterial infection) dialation and permeability of blood vessels exudate margination and pavementing emigration phagocytosis
Healing
repair or regeneration
Inflammatory response
injury-->vasodialation-->vaso permability--> lots of cells (prostaglandins, neutrophils, histamines)-->phagocytes to site-->repair
Basic stages of inflammatory response
vasodialation and increased permeability--> phagocyte migration-->tissue repair
Histamine
found in mast cells, basophils, and platelets causes vasodialation and vasopermeability allows cells who need to be there for healing to get to infection
Platelets
clotting
Phagocytosis
eating of bacterial cells
Kinins
pain response formed in the blood induce vasodialation and increased permeability serve as chemotactic agents for phagocytes early phase of inflammation bradykinin
Prostaglandins
lipids that are released by damaged cells intensify effects of histamine and kinin also stimulate emigration of phagocytes
Leukotrienes
inflammatory produced by basophils and mast cells increased permeability helps in chemotaxis
Complement system
a group of twenty normal inactive proteins in the blood plasma and on plasma membranes these proteins enhance immune and allergic and inflammatory reactions activated through classical and alternative pathways
neutrophils and macrophages lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells
Neutrophils
the first cell to arrive at the site of injury most common in acute inflammation function is phagocytosis 60-70% WBC's multilobulated nucleus granular cytoplasm
Macrophages
second WBC to emigrate to injured tissue derived from stem cells in bone marrow response to chemotaxis capable of phagocytosis single nucleus (unilobulated) no granular 3-8% WBC's
Chemotaxis
movement by chemicals; attraction
Plasma proteins involved in inflammation
Kinin system Clotting mechanism Complement system
Margination
...
Pavementing
...
Clotting Mechanism
functions in clotting of blood platelets stops bleeding at the site of injury
body temperature is controlled by hypothalmic thermoregulatory center higher than 98.6 degrees symptom of infection kills bacteria
Pyrogens
WBC and pathogenic microbes that produce fever
Leukocytosis
an increase in the number of WBC's circulating in blood shift to the left
CBC test
differential WBC count neutro, baso, and eosinophils
Periodontitis
chronic inflammation
C-reactive proteins
found in periodontitis produced in the liver acute and inflammation associated with CVD
Lymphadenopathy
during inflammation, lymph nodes enlarge can be palpated may be tender or firm results from lymphocyte changes primary WBC in the immune response change in number or size of the lymph nodes
Primary intention
healing of a injury in which little tissue loss occurs little scar tissue gum tissue is end to end
Secondary Intention
involves injury in which tissue is lost edges of tissue cannot be joined large clot forms more granulation tissue
Tertiary Intention
infection at the site of the surgical incision
Attrition
wearing away of tooth structure during mastication incisal, occlusal, and proximal influenced by diet, stress, bruxism, and chewing tobacco occlusal adjustment or nightguard
Bruxism
grinding and clenching teeth together for nonfunctional purposes wear facets, hypertrophy of masticatory musclesm increased muscle tone, muscle fatigue, cheek biting, pain in TMJ occlusal interferences stress occlusal adjustment or nightguard
Abrasion
pathologic wearing away of tooth structure slow process cause by improper toothbrushing technique resoration, antisensitivity, grafting
Abfraction
appears as wedge shaped lesion at the cervical areas of teeth may be related to fatigue, flexure, fracture restorations or grafting
Erosion
the loss of tooth structure resulting from chemical action bulimia, acid reflux, emisis, pregnancy
Methanthetamine abuse
chemical due to acid content of the drug decreased salivary flow craving for hihg sugar beverages
Pathognmonic
A sign or symptom that is so characteristic of a disease that it makes the diagnosis
Asprin Burn
occurs when a patient places an asprin tablet directly on the tooth instead of swallowing it common misuse necrotic tissue pain, ulceration, healing is slow
Electric burn
young infants chewing on a live cord permanent scarring
Burns
from food on tongue and palate
Cocaine use
midline of the palate ulcers or keratotic lesions crack pipe
Self induced injury
lip biting cheek biting trauma by fingernail to gingiva
Hematoma
lesion that results from the accumulation of blood within tissue as a result of trauma spontaneous remission post op surgical site or LA injection
Facticious
psychiatric condition in which a patient deliberately produces or falsifies symptoms of illness for the sole purpose of assuming the sick role
Traumatic ulcer
results from trauma cheek, lip, tongue may result in traumatic granuloma 7-14 day healling
Frictional keratosis
chronic rubbing or friction against an oral mucosal surface opaque, white apperance of the tissue identify the trauma and eliminate the cause
Linea alba
a white raise line that forms on the buccal mucosa at the occlusal plane due to clenching epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis
Nicotine stomatitis
a begnin lesion on the hard palate pipe and cigar smoking ertythema keratinizing may lead to white lesion minor salivary glands can become inflammed
Tobacco pouch keratosis
those tho chew tobacco may develop a white lesion where the tobacco is placed muccobuccal fold lesion resolves when tobacco is removed may result in squamous cell carcinoma
Traumatic neuroma
lesion caused by injury to peripheral nerve painful mental foramen is common biopsy surgical excision
Amalgam tattoo
flat, blue gray lesion that results when amalgam is incorporated into the tissue removal or connective tissue graft for esthetics
Dental Movies
Little Shop of Horrors, Finding Nemo, Marathon Man