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social psychology chapter 4

Terms in this set (25)

social perception
-how we come to understand other people
why are people the way they are?
-the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people
- when eyes say one thing but the tongue another, a practiced man relies on the language
of the first- Ralph Waldo emerson, The conduct of life
why do people act the way they do?
-thinking about people and their behaviors help us to understand and predict our social world
display rules
are particular to each culture and dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show.
nonverbal behavior
the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words: including
facial expressions, tone of voice, gesture, body positional movement, use of touch
evolution of facial expressions
crown jewel of nonverbal communication:
the facial expression channel
why?
communicate through human face
encode (evolution of facial expressions)
express or emit nonverbal behavior
ex: smiling, patting someone on the back
decode (evolution of facial expressions)
interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior
ex:deciding to pat someone on the back is an expression of condescension (less important), not kindness
6 facial expressions of emotions
anger, happieness, surprised, fear,disgust and sadness
Paul Eckman and others indicated that the ability to interpret the 6 major emotions are cross cultural, and not a product of proples cultural experiences
Darwin (evolution and facial expressions)
nonverbal forms of communication are species not culture
ex
-he studied the facial expressions of fear and disgust
-found that muscle movements were opposite of each other
Fear: enhanced perception—facial and eye movements increase sensory input
- Disgust: decreased perception—facial and eye movements decrease sensory input
picture of pride
nonverbal expression of pride,
involving facial expression, posture, and gesture
it is encoded and decoded cross-culturally
why is decoding something difficult (affect blends)
Affect Blends: facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers another emotion
Recall that a number of researchers have found that participants from Asian cultures are less likely than participants from Western cultures to make the fundamental attribution error. These findings suggest that __________.
values and norms can influence cognitive processes
If an American and a Chinese person are both given feedback that they have done poorly at a task, who would be more likely to blame him- or herself for the failure?
the Chinese person, because self-criticism is an important "glue" in the culture
In a study by Hedden and his colleagues (2008) examining brain activity, East Asians and European Americans underwent an fMRI while focusing on either a target or the context of a picture. In which circumstance did European Americans exert more attention?
When asked to attend to the context
Police interviewed witnesses who saw a truck leave the scene of a robbery. Based on the research by Hedden, who is more likely to have seen the artwork around the text of the business name on the side of the truck?
Mei, who is Chinese
Ming is from China; Tyrone is from Canada. Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback and told that they did very well, and then are asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that __________.
Tyrone, but not Ming, will say he succeeded due to his high ability
When do individuals in collectivist cultures make dispositional (internal) attributions?
sometimes
Tina is very happy in her marriage. She is going to make __________ attributions about the positive behaviors of her spouse.
internal
Researchers have found that couples who are happy in their marriages make very different attributions for their partners' behaviors than couples who are unhappy. Specifically, couples in happy marriages make __________, while couples in unhappy marriages make __________.
external attributions for negative behavior and internal attributions for positive behavior; internal attributions for negative behavior and external attributions for positive behavior
Amber and Jack are very physically attractive. In the U.S., most people would think they are also __________.
kind and intelligent
The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to or matches their underlying personality disposition is known as the __________.
fundamental attribution error
Galina is described to you as a "computer nerd." Based on this, you assume she is socially awkward, introverted, unpopular, and obsessed with anything related to technology. This information makes up your __________.
schema
After a long day at work, you get home, log on to Facebook, and find three messages from friends, checking on you. You smile and laugh in delight that your friends have shown they care. Your nonverbal behavior in this example is helping you __________.
Select one:
convey your emotions
Samuel, a fifth grader, had to write an essay about how wonderful the mayor was and how much good he had done for the town. Samuel's dad was very upset with him after reading the essay because his dad didn't really like the mayor. Samuel's dad was mad that Samuel disagreed with him, even when Samuel told him he was forced to write the essay. Samuel is in a similar situation as participants in Jones and Harris (1967) study. Samuel's dad is _________
making the fundamental attribution error
When situational causes of behavior are unavailable or difficult to interpret, what is the most likely outcome?
the fundamental attribution error occurs.
The logical outcome of distressed couples making external attributions for positive behavior and internal attributions for negative ones is that the relationship is going to __________.
become less satisfying
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