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Global Health & Society Exam 1: CH1-7

Terms in this set (58)

Chapter 1
The Principles & Goals of Global Health
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Public Health
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment.


- Table 1-3 lists activities of public health
Global Health
An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
One Health
The integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
Planetary Health
The achievement of the highest standard of health worldwide (civilization) and the state of the natural systems on which it depends.
Principles That Guide Public Health
- Prevention of disease
- Account for different cultures, belief, and values
- Enhance physical and social environment
- Respect individual rights
- Help disenfranchised people
Medicine vs Public Health
1. Medicine focuses on an individual needing a personal service that a doctor treats or diagnoses for and mainly emphasis medical care

2. Public health focuses on a population for a public service, which causes for disease prevention or health promotion and emphasis many life factor such as behavior, lifestyle, environment, and medical care.
Epidemiology
The study of patterns and causes of disease in specific populations and the application of this information to controlling health problems.
Critical Global Health Concepts
•Determinants of health
•Key risk factors for different health conditions
•Global burden of disease
•Measurement of health status
•Importance of culture to health
•Demographic and epidemiologic transitions
•Organization and function of health systems
•Links among health, education, poverty, and equity
7 World Bank Regions
- East Asia and Pacific
- Europe and Central Asia
- North America
- South Asia
- Latin America and the Caribbean
- Middle East and North Africa
- Sub-Saharan Africa
WHO Regions
- African
- The Americas
- Southeast Asia
- Europe
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Western Pacific
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
1. No Poverty

2. Zero Hunger

3. Good Health and Well-Being

4. Quality Education

5. Gender equality

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

7. Affordable and clean energy

8. Decent work and economic growth

9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure

10. Reduced Inequalities

11. Sustainable cities and communities

12. Responsible consumption and production

13. Climate action

14. Life Below water

15. Life on Land

16. Peace, justice and strong institutions

17. Partnerships for the goals
Smallpox Case Study
Edward Jenner created the vaccine in 1798.
Lessons Learned: Cooperation at many levels, immunization programs could vaccinate people against more than one disease at a time and the use of monitoring programs.
Chapter 2
Health Determinants, Measurements, and the Status of Health Globally
Morbidity
Sickness
Mortality
Death
Disability
Temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function
Prevalence
The number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period.
Incidence
The rate at which new cases of a disease occur ni a population.
Three Types of Prevention
1. Primary: Intervening before health effects occur.

2. Secondary: Screening to identify disease

3. Tertiary: Managing disease post diagnosis and stopping disease progression
Communicable Diseases
Infectious diseases that have an agent that spread directly/indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or vice versa.
Noncommunicable Diseases
Illnesses not spread by an infectious agent.
Injuries
Road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflected injuries, violence, etc..
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 births.
Life Expectancy At Birth
The average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life.
Maternal Mortality Ratio
The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and child birth complications per 100,000 live births.
Neonatal Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year.
Under-5 Mortality Rate (Child Mortality Rate)
The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births.
Vital Registration
Records of births, deaths, and causes of deaths.
Chapter 3
The Global Burdens of Diseases
Burdens of Disease
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Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)
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Disability Ajusted Life Year (DALY)
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Life Table
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Three Categories of Causes of Deaths and DALYs
Group I—Communicable, maternal, and perinatal conditions (meaning in the first week after birth) and nutritional disorders.

Group II—Noncommunicable diseases.

Group III—Injuries, including, among other things, road traffic accidents, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence.
Risk Factors
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Replacement Fertility
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Demographic Transition
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Epidemiologic Transition
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Chapter 4
Health, Education, Equity, and the Economy
Chapter 5
Ethical and Human Rights1 Concerns in Global Health
Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
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Human Capital
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Health Equity
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Health Inequity
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Health Inequality
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Health Disparities
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Factors That Influence Access to Health
- Geographic availability: Distance or travel time.

- Availability: The extent to which needed services are offered in a convenient manner by staff who are properly trained to deliver them.

- Financial accessibility: The extent to which people are able or willing to pay for services and not fall into financial distress by doing so.

- Acceptability: The extent to which services are in line with local cultural norms and expectations.
Equality, Inequity, and Health Disparities Factors
- Social and economic status
- Health status and whether or not the person is disabled
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Religion
- Location
- Occupation
- Social capital
- Sexual orientation
Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health
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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
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Factors
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Factors that
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Case Studies
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Positive Rights
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