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APUSH Chapter 1 Key Concepts and Events

Terms in this set (18)

Tribute
The practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples
Matriarchy
A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line
Animism
Spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world;
animists don't worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world
Patriarchy
A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line and male heads of family rule over women and children
Primogeniture
The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son
Peasants
The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe; some peasants owned land, while others leased or rented small plots from landlords
Republic
A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people
Civic Humanism
The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government; During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self-governing republic
Renaissance
A cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century and spread through much of Europe; its ideals reshaped art and architecture and gave rise to civic humanism
Guilds
Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of, a trade
Christianity
A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine; For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe, and it was from Europe that Christianity spread to the Americas
Heresy
A religious doctrine that is inconsistent with the teachings of a church
Islam
A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet; Following the death of Muhammad in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa, India, Indonesia, Spain and the Balkan regions of Europe
Crusades
A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between between A.D. 1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived
Predestination
The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born;
sixteenth century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology
Protestant Reformation
The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics
trans-Saharan trade
The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World;
Controlled in turn by the Ghana, Mali and Songhai empires, it carried slaves and gold to North Africa in exchange for salt and other goods
Reconquista
The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland;
After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spaniards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all Spain
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