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Ch 2 - Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 7th ed.
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Gravity
Chapter 2, The Human Body in Health and Disease. Book: Medical Terminology for Health Professionals, 7th edition (c) 2013, by Ann Ehrlich and Carol L. Schroeder.
Terms in this set (223)
-ar, -ic, -ac
pertaining to
-crine
to secrete
-eal
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ior
pertaining to
-ose
pertaining to
-pathy
disease
-plasia
formation
-plasm
formative material of cells
-stasis
control
-tics
pertaining to
-trophy
development
a-
without
abdomin(o)-
abdomen
abdominal cavity or abdomen
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
abdominopelvic cavity
refers to two cavities as a single unit
aden(o)-
glands
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
adenoma
benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
adenosis
any disease condition of a gland
adip-
fat
adipose tissue
fat - provides protective padding, insulation, and support
adult stem cells
somatic stem cells - undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze (cold, flu, TB, measles)
ana-
excessive
anal atresia
congenital absence of the opening at the bottom end of the anus
anaplasia
change in the structure of the cells and in their orientation to each other (tumors, cancer)
anatomic position
describes the body assuming that the individual is standing in the standard position that includes: standing up straight so that body is erect and facing forward; holding arms at sides with hands turned with palms turned toward front
anatomic reference systems
used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body
anatomy
study of the structures of the body
anomaly
deviation from what is regarded as normal
anter(o)-
front or before
anterior
situated in the front; front or forward part of an organ (opposite to posterior)
aplasia
defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
atresia
congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
autopsy
postmorten examination
benign
not life-threatening
bilateral
relating to, or having, two sides
birth injuries
congenital disorder that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluid that are contaminated with blood (HIV, hepatitis B, STDs)
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
body planes
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used the divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
carcin-
cancerous
caud(o)-
tail or lower part of the body
caudal
toward the lower part of the body (opposite to cephalic)
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
cells
basic structural and functional units of the body
cephal(o)-
head
cephalic
toward the head (opposite to caudal)
cerebral palsy
result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or not enough oxygen to the brain during birth
chondr(i)-
cartilage
chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
communicable
capable of being transmitted
communicable disease
condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects - contagious disease
congenital
existing at birth
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
connective tissue
supports and connects organs and other body tissue
contamination
the pathogen is possibly present
cord blood
found in umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn infant
cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
cyt(o)-
cell or hollow place
cytology
study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
degeneration
worsening condition
dem(o)-
population
dense connective tissue
form the joints and framework of the body - bone or cartilage
developmental disorder
anomaly or malformation such as absence of the limb or the presence of an extra toe - birth defect
diaphragm
muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
differentiated
having a specialized function of structure
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure (opposite to proximal)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
dominant gene
inherited from either parent - the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
dors-
back of the organ or body (opposite of ventral)
dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head - divided into cranial cavity and spinal cavity
double helix
consists of two helixes twisted together
Down syndrome (DS)
genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, can form any cell
en-
within
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within the population, group, or area
endo-
within
endocrine glands
produce homones - do not have ducts
endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
epi-
above
epidemic
sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
epigastric region
above the stomach
epithelial tissue
form a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of body
epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes
eti-
cause
etiology
study of causes of diseases
exo-
out of
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body - sweat glands
fetal alcohol syndrome
caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and behavioral traits, including growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, socialization difficulties
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
food-borne and water-borne transmission
eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present - (fecal-oral transmission)
frontal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into arterior (front) and posterior (back) portions - coronal plane
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified - (ex. panic attack)
gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete (sex cells) that can be transmitted by a parent
gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene-
producing
genetic mutation
change of sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic disorder
pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene - hereditary disorder
genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
genetic mutation
change of sequence of a DNA molecule
geneticist
specialist in field of genetics
genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parent to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
genome
complete set of genetic information of an individual
geriatrician
physician who specializes in the care of older people - gerontologist
geriatrics
study of the medical problems and care of the aged - gerontology
glands
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
graft versus host disease
rejection if not excellent match in stem cells
groin
crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper and of the thigh
helix
shape twisted like a spiral staircase
hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorder in which blood-clotting factor is missing
hemopoietic
blood forming tissue of the donor's bone marrow
hist-
tissue
histologist
specialist in the study of the organizaton of tissue at all levels
histology
study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
home(o)-
constant
homeostasis
process though which the body maintains a constant internal environment
horizontal plane
a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
Huntington's disease (HD)
genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
hyperplasia
enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in number of cells in the tissue
hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ is due to an increase in the size, but not in number of cells in the tissue
hypochondriac
below ribs
hypochondriac regions
located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs
hypogastric region
located below stomach
hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment (severe burns from radiation therapy)
idi(o)-
peculiar to the individual
idiopathic
without known cause
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
ili-
hip bone
iliac regions
located on the left and right sides over the hip bones
indirect contact transmission
situation in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
infectious disease
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet (opposite to superior)
inguinal
relating to the groin - refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
lateral
direction toward or nearer the side and away from midline (opposite to medial)
liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph, transport nutirents and waste products throughout the body
LLQ
left lower quadrant (abdomen)
loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
lumb-
lower back
lumbar
part of the back between ribs and pelvis
lumbar region
on the left and right sides near inward curve of spine
LUQ
left upper quadrant (abdomen)
malignant
harmful
medial
direction toward, or nearer, the midline (opposite to lateral)
membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
midsagittal plane
sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves - midline
muscle tissue
cells with specialized ability to contract and relax
muscular dystrophy (MD)
describes a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement
nerve tissue
cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical settings
nucleus
a structure within the cell that has two important functions - controls activities of cell, and helps cell divide
organ
somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in body (chickenpox)
pan-
entire
pandemic
outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
parietal
cavity wall
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
path(o)-
disease
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism such as virus
pathologist
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
pathology
study of nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function
pelv-
pelvis
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones - contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
periton
peritoneum (multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity)
peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
phenylketonuria
genetic disorder in which essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing - PKU
physi-
nature or physical
physiology
study of the functions of the structures of the body
poster(o)-
situated in the back or back part of an organ (opposite of anter-)
posterior
situated in the back; on the back part of an organ
postmortem
after death
premature birth
birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development - (often breathing difficulties and heart problems)
prenatal influences
the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure (opposite to distal)
quadrant
divided into four
recessive gene
when inherited from BOTH parents, offspring WILL have condition - when inherited from ONLY ONE parent, offspring WILL NOT have condition
regions of the thorax and abdomen
descriptive system that divides abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts
retro-
behind
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
RLQ
right lower quadrant (abdomen)
rubella infection
if woman had it during early pregnancy can result in birth defect
RUQ
right upper quadrant (abdomen)
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
secretion
the substance produced by a gland
sex cell
(sperm or egg) known as gamete, the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
sickle cell anemia
inherited red blood cell disorder that is transmitted by a recessive gene
somatic
pertaining to body
somatic cell
any cell in the body except gametes (sex cells)
somatic cell mutation
change within cells of the body, cannot be transmitted
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head (opposite to inferior)
Tay-Sachs disease (TAY SAKS)
fatal generic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain - (recessive)
thoracic cavity
known as chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs - chest cavity or thorax
tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
transmission
spread of disease
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus
umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel
undifferentiated
not having a specialized function or structure
vector
insects or animals like flies, mites, ticks, fleas, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting disease
vector-borne transmission
spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, dogs)
ventr-
belly side of the body
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body (opposite of dorsal)
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs and maintain homeostasis
vertical plane
an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
visceral
relating to the internal organs
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
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