Chapter 9

_______ memory allows us to "hear" or "see" stimuli backward in time to facilitate attention
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_______ memory allows us to "hear" or "see" stimuli backward in time to facilitate attention
Sensory
Young children show excellent __________ memory and poor _________ memory
Semantic; episodic
___________ appears to be a state of the brain in which neural resources are shifted, such that more resources are devoted to analyzing certain selected stimuli and fewer resources are devoted to analyzing other stimuli that are picked up by the senses
Attention
In an experiment, researchers showed participants a car accident and asked them to report how fast the cars were traveling when they "hit" or "smashed" into each other. What they found was that those who were asked how fast the cars were traveling when they "smashed" into each other said
The cars were traveling faster
Evidence has shown that the time it takes to articulate words influences memory span. This evidence comes from research that has examined digit spans for people
Speaking different languages
Jane is using her visuospatial sketch pad. What is she likely doing?
Thinking of how to drive across town
Attempting to understand new information using __________ is one of the most effective ways to encode information into long-term memory
Elaboration
Cosmo is a toddler that has trouble describing past events probably because his prefrontal cortex isn't fully developed which affects his
Episodic memory
You are conducting a neural imaging study with a subject and notice that certain neurons in the sensory and perceptual areas have suddenly become sensitized to a particular stimulus. You can safely assume that the subject is
Attending to those stimuli
The principle of association by ____________ is described as the process in which concepts are associated because they have occurred together in the person's previous experience
Contiguity
Which of the following is a process of rehearsal that involves a person holding information in working memory for a period of timeMaintenance rehearsalTad has a hard time conceptualizing the mind, because he cannot see a picture of it nor can he cut open a person and find it. To deal with the inability to see the mind, cognitive psychologists use the metaphor of the mind being aComputerWhy does elaborative rehearsal create more easily retrievable memories?The more mental associations you create, the more ways you will have to retrieve itItems that are not rehearsed in the working memory often disappear within how many seconds?2The learned skill of balancing on a bicycle is retained asImplicit memoryIn our culture today, people may have a couch, an easy chair, and a love seat, all oriented around a television set, with a coffee table in front of the couch as a living room set-up. The living room set-up is a relatively common ______________ in our cultureSchemaRobert was momentarily distracted from a conversation but was able to "hear" backward in time a few seconds to attend to the stimuli that he missed. This was able to happen thanks to his ___________ memorySensoryMolli was in a car accident and suffered brain damage to her ___________ which caused problems with her central executive functionsPrefrontal cortexThe term ________________ refers to one's generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes, or eventsWhile waiting to enter a classroom, students talk in pairs and attend to their conversation partner while screening out the voices of the other pairs. This is an example ofThe cocktail-party phenomenonIf Ryker hears the word car, he might immediately think of tires, headlights, a steering wheel, and other elements of a car. This kind of observation is the basis for thePrinciple of association by contiguityTo help a participant selectively listen to one message while ignoring the other, the messages should be presentedIn different parts of the roomThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is an example of a(n) ____________ task, while the Stroop task is an example of a(n) ___________ taskSwitching; inhibitionThe brief memory trace for specific sound is known as a(n)EchoCollins and Loftus designed a spreading activation model of memory organization to explain the results of experiments on people's ability to recognize or recall specific wordsAfter exposure to other wordsJada wants to get a good grade in her introductory psychology class. Which method would be LEAST helpful to her when she is studying?Highlighting a passage for later readingWhich type of memory is NOT associated with a particular past experience?SemanticIvan sustained a head injury in a car accident resulting in temporal lobe amnesia. After the accident, Ivan learned to play the piano in a therapy program. Which statement describes what is MOST likely to happen to Ivan after he ends the program?He can play the piano, but cannot remember being in the therapy programThe logical flow of thought depends on priming, which is a type of ____________ memoryImplicitWhen meeting a person diagnosed with temporal lobe amnesia, one would expect the person to showNormal implicit memory capabilitiesWhich example below would NOT interfere with one's ability to keep information in one's working memory store?Repeating what he is trying to remember out loudModels of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information- processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from ____________ memory into _____________ memorySensory; short-termPatients with developmental amnesia typically have the most severe deficiency inEpisodic memoryThe phrase "an elephant never forgets" can translate into meaning that elephants typically have great _____________ memory storesLong-termAn accomplished pianist plays a Mozart sonata effortlessly, yet she cannot verbally describe all of the muscle movements she makes which playing the sonata. Evidently, her skill of playing the sonata takes the form of a(n) ___________ memoryImplicitAfter studying the planets for her astronomy exam for hours, Lila's friend asked her to guess what kind of car he had just purchased. Lila immediately replied, "A Saturn." Lila's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced her response to her friend's question due toPrimingIn an experiment, the memory researchers convinced the participants that when they were 5 they were lost in a shopping mall and were comforted by an elderly lady. This never actually happened to them. The results were that ______________ percent of the participants later reported this false memory as if it were an actual memory25The term schema refers toThe mental representation of any given class of objects, scenes, or eventsWhen parking at work Hadley always parks in the same spot. She cannot remember when she formed this habit and has difficulty explaining why she does it. Hadley's habit is an example of a(n) _________ memoryProceduralWorking memory, also known as ______________ memory, is where all conscious perception and reasoning occursShort-termPeople tend to recall better if tested in the same environment in which they originally learned the information. This illustrates the effect ofContextShanice discovers a useful way to remember the Great Lakes is to remember the word homes. The strategy that BEST describes the technique Shanice is using to remember the lakes is calledChunkingWhat do elaboration, organization, and visualization all have in common?They are all encoding strategiesDeclan saw a piece of candy at the store and suddenly remembered that his grandma had always given it to him as a kid. This candy served as a stimulus that primed a particular memory for Declan and is referred to as a(n)Retrieval cueSuppose participants are asked to listen to the following list of letters and then to repeat them in order: i, n, t, r, o, p, s, y, c, h. Participants who perform the task most accurately and with the LEAST apparent effort probably have usedChunkingIn the information-processing model, ____________ memory is where all conscious thinking, perceiving, and decision making takes placeWorkingIn the information-processing model of memory attention, encoding, and retrieval are known as _____________ processesControlModels of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information-processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from ___________ memory into _____________ memorySensory; short-termIn a research by Elizabeth Loftus and J.C. Palmer, participants viewed films depicting an auto accident and then were asked a question about the accident using either the word hit or the word smashed. The participants reportedMore broken glass when the question used smashed than when it used hit