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Exam 2 Review Questions

Terms in this set (170)

T/F: Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters.
False. It's from the dilation and constriction of arterioles upstream. Precapillary sphincters are accessories.
T/F: Large veins, medium veins, and venule have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
False. Only medium veins.
T/F: Blood flow is pulsatile in arteries and veins, but is steady in capillaries.
False. It changes more often in capillaries
T/F: Generalized vasomotion can raise or lower blood pressure throughout the body.
True
T/F: Increased capillary filtration, reduced reabsorption, or obstruction of lymphatic drainage can lead to edema.
True
T/F: Most tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system.
False. Capillaries absorb most of the fluid.
T/F: Decompensated shock is normally corrected by the body's homeostatic mechanisms.
False. they result from the body's inability to correct circulatory shock.
T/F: the pulmonary circuit is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.
True. Usually arteries will carry more.
T/F: Lung tissue receives nourishment and waste removal from the pulmonary circuit.
False. pulmonary circuit is primarily to exchange CO2 and O2
T/F: The greatest outflow from the dural venous sinuses is via the internal jugular vein.
True. #gravity
T/F: The three primary branches of the celiac trunk are the common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic veins.
True
T/F: Blood filtered through the hepatic sinusoids exits the liver via the hepatic veins.
True and they empty into the IVC
T/F: Arterial flow to the lower limb comes from the external iliac artery.
True
T/F: The brachial vein is the most common site of blood pressure measurement with the sphygmomanometer.
False. The brachial ARTERY
T/F: The radial artery is lateral to the ulnar artery.
true
Arteries are sometimes called the ________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong resilient tissue structure.
resistance
Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?
large arteries because easy vasomotion
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the _______ and in large arteries and veins contains the _______
tunica externa; vasa vasorum
Most blood is in the
veins
What is an anastomosis?
The connections between blood vessels that provide an alternate route.
These are all possible circulatory routes from the heart except
a. heart -> arteries -> capillary beds -> veins -> heart
b.heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed →
veins → heart
C. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed →
arteries → heart
D. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed →
veins → heart
E. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart
B. veins cant go to veins through a capillary bed
Vasomotion is associated with the presence of
smooth muscle in the tunica media
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by
failure of the venous valves
What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?
65+ 45/3= 80mmHg
The velocity of blood flow decreases when
viscosity increases
The medullary ischemic reflex results in
increased circulation to brain
What has the most important effect on blood viscosity?
Vessel radius
Reactive hyperemia is a result of ______ to increase perfusion into a tissue.
local control result in vasoactive chemicals
All of these increase blood pressure except
a) norepinephrine
b) ADH
C) angiotensin II
d) aldostorone
e) atrial natriuretic peptide
e) atrial natriuretic peptide. reduce BP and volume
The vasomotor center of the ______ controls blood vessels throughout the body.
medulla oblongata
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than
140/90
______ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and _____ also increase heart rate.
epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine
These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except
secretion
The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is
blood hydrostatic pressure
_____ by the capillaries at their venous end.
Waste products are taken up
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is
blood colloid osmotic pressure
All these can lead to edema except
hyperproteinemia
____ would not increase capillary filtration.
dehydration
A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause _____, whereas a MAP above 160 mmHg can cause____.
syncope; cerebral edema
____ does not contribute to venous return.
Widespread vasodilation
_____ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration.
Hypovolemic
_____ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability.
septic
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes _____ and a(n) ______ in arterial blood pressure.
vasodilation; increase
Myocardial infarction can lead to
cardiogenic shock
The most important force in venous flow is
the pressure generated by the heart aka the pressure gradient
Blood flow to the _______________ remains quite stable even when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg.
hypothalamus
Pulmonary arteries have ____ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries.
considerably lower
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?
0 trick question arteries send info from the heart not to
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the
bronchial arteries
There are no ____ in humans
right and left brachiocephalic arteries
The _____ supplies 80% of the cerebrum.
internal carotid artery
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is
an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland
From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, renal, gonadal. inferior mesenteric, common iliac
The principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs is accomplished by way of
the azygos
These are all tributaries of the inferior vena cava except
a. the hepatic veins
b. the internal and external iliac veins
c. the inferior phrenic veins
d. the vertebral veins
e. lumbar veins
d. vertebral veins
This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in coronary bypass surgery.
great saphenous vein
T/F: Lymph originates in blood capillaries that pick up tissue fluid.
False. It comes from the lymphatic vessels
T/F: Red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system.
True
T/F: Mucous membranes prevent most pathogens from entering the body because of the stickiness of the mucus and the presence of lysozymes.
True
T/F: Interferons are secreted in response to bacterial infections.
false. viruses
T/F: Pus is made of dead neutrophils, macrophages, and other tissue debris from a damaged tissue.
True
T/F: Pyrogens act by increasing the set point for body temperature in the thalamus.
False. anterior hypothalamus
T/F: The antigenicity of a molecule is due to specific regions of it called haptens.
False. epitopes
T/F: Interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each other.
True
T/F: Helper T cells respond only to epitopes attached to MHC proteins.
True
T/F: Cytotoxic T cells respond only to antigens bound to MHC-I proteins.
True
T/F: Clonal selection of T cells happens in the thymus.
False
T/F: Naive T cells can synthesize antibodies.
False
T/F: Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses, whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses.
False
T/F: Memory B cells are found circulating mainly in the lymph.
False
T/F: Some antibodies against foreign antigens can react to similar self-antigens causing an autoimmune disease.
True
Lymphatic vessels recover about ____ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
15%
Lymph is similar to blood plasma but very low in
protein
Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
lipids
The _____ tonsils are the largest, and their tonsillectomy used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.
palatine
All these forces help lymph to flow except
A. rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels. B. the thoracic pump.
C. the skeletal muscle pump.
D. the lymphatic node pump.
E. arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels.
D. The lymphatic node pump
_____ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _____.
collecting ducts; subclavian veins
Immune surveillance is a process in which _____ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.
Natural Killer cells
This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
thymus
This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.
lymph nodes
Removal of the _________________ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.
thymus
All these belong to the second line of defense except
a. the macrophage system
b. NK cells
c. inflammation
d. gastric juices
e. interferon and complement system
d. gastric juices
______ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites, and allergens.
eosinophils
____ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO).
Neutrophils
Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except
a. enhanced inflammation
b. opsonization
c. endogenous pyrexia
d. bacterial phagocytosis
e. cytolysis
c. endogenous pyrexia
_____ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
interferons
a pyrogen is a substance that causes
fever
This is the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.
margination
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called ____________.
histamine; heparin
All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except
a. cytotoxic cells'
b. helper T cells
c. endothelial cells
cytotoxic T cells
These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by NK cells.
granzymes
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________.
neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization
______ are antimicrobial proteins.
interferons
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that
immunity is directed against a specific pathogen.
Vaccination stimulates
artificial active immunity
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against
cancer cells
A(n) _____ is the region of the molecules that is recognized by antibodies.
epitope
T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________.
Thymus
T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means
they multiply and form clones of identical T cells
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates
artificial passive immunity
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in
Thymus
Helper T cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)
major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) protein
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in
lymph nodes
Helper T cells do not
secrete fever-producing chemicals
______ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic cells are like a NK cell because they both
secrete granymes and perforins
Memory T cells can live up to
decades
This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response
antigen recognition -> antigen presentation ->
clonal selection -> differentiation -> attack
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).
two
_____ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.
Ig G
This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.
Ig A
Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into
plasma cells
HIV targets mainly
helper T cells
Most common allergies are the result of
type I (acute) hypersensitivity
Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) __________.
type IV hypersensitivity
A person who is HIV positive and helper T cells lower than ___ has AIDS
200 cells/ micro liter
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____ from foreign ones.
self antigens
T/F: The maximum amount of air in the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.
False
T/F: Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.
False
T/F: The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.
True
T/F: Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.
False
T/F- the rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide
False
T/F Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to systemic tissues & vice versa.
True
T/F: Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
True
T/F: According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2.
False
T/F: Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting.
True
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
The upper respiratory tract extends
from the nose through the larynx
The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the
nasal fossae
Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?
vestibular and vocal ligaments
One benefit from air passing by the turbinates is
the lower respiratory system remains humidified.
The most numerous cells in the lungs are called
dust cells
each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by
pulmonary artery
Which of these do not have cilia?
a. the nasal cavity
b. the trachea
c. the bronchi
d. terminal bronchioles
e. respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
What is the basic distinction b/w an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?
shape
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________.
epiglotis
Which of the following cartilages is largest?
a. corniculate
b. epiglottic
c. thyroid
d. cricoid
e. arytenoid
thyroid
The Valsalva maneuver can assist in diagnosing a hernia by
decreasing intrabdominal pressure
_____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases.
Daltons law
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
a. atmospheric pressure
b. respiratory rate
c. bronchiole diameter
d. quantity of surfacant
e. diaphragm
bronchiole diameter
The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort is called
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Vital capacity consists of
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?
kussmaul respiration
A gangrenous diabetic ulcer can be treated with which of the following?
a. hyperventilation
b. hyperbaric oxygen
c. hypercaloric intake
d. hypoxic drive
e. hyperoxidation
b. hyperbaric oxygen
Carbon dioxide is transported by
carbaminohemoglobin
carbonic acid
bicarbonate ions
dissolved gas
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?
a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
a. increased H+ level in the blood
b. the Bohr effect
c. reduced blood pH
d. reduced oxyhemoglobin
e. anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
e. anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
What would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
an increase in membran thickness
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ____ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen
hydrogen
Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
nitrogen
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ___ oxygen molecules.
4
Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________.
95; 40; 7.4
What enzyme in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
carbonic anhydrase
In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of water?
20% vto 25%
What is the term for deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
hypoxia
Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
a. hypoxemic hypoxia
b. ischemic hypoxia
c. anemic hypoxia
d. histotoxic hypoxia
e. idiopathic hypoxia
ischemic hypoxia
____ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.
chronic bronchitis
A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is
emphysema
In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
tuberculosis
Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
adenocarcinoma
Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?
ondine's curse
What is most likely to result from contact b/w contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
acute rhinitis
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?
oxygen toxicity
Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________.
decompression sickness
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in
medulla oblongata
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract.
goblet cells
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ____ than in any other form.
bicarbonate ions
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
To aid in defecation and urination
Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
they do not unload oxygen well
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