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Psych Ch 6 Review

Terms in this set (54)

____________________________ is the tendency to remember the beginning and ending items of a sequence or list better than the middle items.
serial position effect
A loss of memory affecting experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness is called ______________________.
retrogade amnesia
A(n) _________________________ is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in the retrieval of particular information from long-term memory.
retrieval cue
Forgetting to carry out some action, such as mailing a letter is called ________________________.
prospective forgetting
A long-lasting increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapses is called ___________________.
long-term potentiation
_____________________________ is the relative inability of older children and adults to recall events from the first few years of life.
infantile amnesia
________________________ is an extensive amount of background knowledge that is relevant to a reconstructive memory task.
expertise
__________________________ is an approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking.
information-processing theory
Repeating information in short-term memory until it is no longer needed; may eventually lead to storage of information on long-term memory is called ___________________________________.
maintenance rehearsal
The __________________________ theory of forgetting proposes that the memory trace, if not used, disappears with the passage of time.
decay
A(n) __________________________ is an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights, using information that may or may not be accurate
reconstruction
Integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, or events, which affects how the person encodes and recalls information are known as ____________________.
schemas
________________________ are a collection of neurological disorders in which degenerative processes in the brain diminish sufferers' ability to remember and process information.
dementia
The _______________________________ is a part of the limbic system, which includes the hippocampus itself (primarily involved in the formation of episodic memories) and its underlying cortical areas (involved in the formation of semantic memories).
amygdala
_______________________________ is the tendency for pleasant autobiographical memories to be more easily recalled than unpleasant ones and memories of unpleasant events to become more emotionally positive over time.
positive bias
_____________________________________ is a measure of retention that requires a person to identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before.
recognition
The ______________________________ is the tendency to recall the first items on a list more readily than the middle items.
primacy effect
________________________________ occurs when short-term memory is holding its maximum and each new item entering short-term memory pushes out an existing item.
displacement
The relatively permanent memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity is called _________________________.
long term memory
Involuntarily removing from one's consciousness disturbing, guilt-provoking, or otherwise unpleasant memories so that one is no longer aware that a painful event occurred is called ____________________.
repression
___________________________________ is a technique used to encode information into long-term memory by considering its meaning and associating it with other information already stored in long-term memory.
elaborative rehearsal
The subsystem within long-term memory that consists of skills acquired through repetitive practice, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses, also called implicit memory, is called ____________________.
nondeclarative method
__________________________ are recollections that an individual includes in an account of her or his own life.
autobiographical memory
When a person cannot remember something that the person is sure that she or he knows, the person is exhibiting________________.
retrieval failure
________________________________ is intentionally keeping track of the sources of incoming information.
source monitoring
_____________________________ is a cause of forgetting resulting from material never having been put into long-term memory.
encoding failure
___________________________ is the second stage of memory, which holds about seven (a range of five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal.
short term memory
Measuring retention in terms of the percentage of time or learning trials saved in relearning material compared with the time required to learn it originally, also called the savings method, is called the _________________________________.
relearning method
The mental workspace a person uses to keep in mind tasks being thought about at any given moment is called __________________________.
working memory
_____________________________ is the memory system that holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds.
sensory memory
The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information is called _____________________.
memory
The experience of knowing that a particular piece of information has been learned but being unable to retrieve it is known as the _______________________.
tip of tongue memory
___________________________ is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life experiences, also called explicit memory.
declarative memory
_____________________________ is the act of maintaining information in memory.
storage
_______________________ is the subpart of declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary.
semantic memory
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in short-term or long-term memory is called __________________________.
encoding
_______________________________ is a partial or complete loss of memory resulting from brain trauma or psychological trauma.
amnesia
Recollection of the circumstances in which a memory was formed is ______________________.
source memory
A(n) __________________________________ is an extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event.
flashbulb memory
___________________________ is the act of bringing to mind material that has been stored in memory.
retrieval
_______________________________ is the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus several minutes after it has been removed from view eidetic imagery.
eidetic imagery
Any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a permanent memory from forming is called ______________________________.
consolidation failure
The subpart of declarative memory that contains memories of personally experienced events is called ________________________________.
episodic memory
____________________________ is a measure of retention that requires a person to remember material with few or no retrieval cues, as in an essay test.
recall
_________________________ occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it.
interference
The ____________________________ is the tendency to recall the last items on a list more readily than those in the middle of the list.
receny effect
Forgetting through suppression or repression in order to protect oneself from material that is too painful, anxiety- or guilt-producing, or otherwise unpleasant is called _____________________________.
motivated forgetting
_____________________________ is the inability to form long-term memories of events occurring after a brain injury or brain surgery, although memories formed before the trauma are usually intact.
anterograde amnesia
The _______________________________ effect is the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological (mood) state as when the information was encoded.
state-dependent memory effect
The ________________________ is the tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned along with memory of the information itself.
context effect
___________________ is a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember.
chunking
The act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory is called ________________________.
rehearsal
_______________________ is the inability to bring to mind information that was previously remembered.
forgetting
____________________________ is an incurable form of dementia characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect and personality, resulting from widespread degeneration of brain cells.
Alzheimer's Disease
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