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Anatomy Exam 2 objectives (mainly things not covered in lecture material)

Terms in this set (88)

superficial pectoral innervation?
cranial pectoral nerves
deep pectoral innervation?
caudal pectoral nerves
brachiocephalicus innervation?
Accessory nerve and ventral
branches of cervical spinal nerves.
Sternocephalicus innervation?
Accessory nerve and ventral
branches of cervical spinal nerves.
sternothyroid/sternohyoid innervation?
Ventral branches of cervical
spinal nerves.
omotransversarius
accessory nerve
trapezius innervation?
accessory nerve
rhomboideus innervation?
Ventral branches of cervical
and thoracic spinal nerves.
latissamus dorsi innervation?
Thoracodorsal nerve
Seratus Ventralis innervation?
Ventral branches of cervical
spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve
what 4 arteries supply the walls of the body cavity?
cranial epigastric artery, cranial abdominal artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, caudal epigastric artery
Longus capitis
lateral surface of cervical vertebrae, lateral to longus colli
· Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
· Insertion: muscular tubercle on ventral surface of basioccipital bone of the skull
· Action: flexes the head/neck laterally, rotates the head
Longus colli
covers ventral surfaces of vertebral bodies form T6-atlas, has overlapping fascicles
· Origin: transverse processes and vertebral bodies
· Insertion: atlas
· Action: flexes the head and neck
transversus thoracis muscle
a flat,
fleshy muscle on the medial surface of the costal
cartilages of ribs 2 though 8
External abdominal oblique:
fibers run caudoventrally, forms the linea alba
· Origin: costal parts of the last ribs, lumbar part from thoracolumbar fascia
· Insertion: linea alba and prepubic tendon
· Action: contralateral rotation
Internal abdominal oblique
fused with the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique, forms the external sheath of rectus abdominus, fibers run cranioventrally, caudal border forms cranial border of the inguinal canal
· Origin: fascia caudal to the last rib, tuber coxae, adjacent part of the inguinal ligament
· Insertion: costal arch, rectus abdominis, linea alba, prepubic tendon
· Action: compresses the abdomen, rotate vertebral column to the same side, caudal border form the cremaster muscle in males
Rectus abdominis
has transverse tendinous intersections, external lamina formed by fused aponeurosis of oblique muscles, internal lamina formed by an aponeurosis of transversus abdominis
· Origin: pectin of prepubic tendon
· Insertion: sternum
· Action: flexes thoracolumbar part of the vertebral column
Transversus abdominis:
forms internal sheath of rectus abdominis most caudal part joins external sheath and fuses with linea alba/prepubic tendon
· Origin: Medial dorsal surfaces of the last 4-5 ribs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
· Insertion: linea alba
· Action: compresses abdomen
Splenius muscle
large muscle on dorsolateral surface of the neck, deep to the rhomboideus, capitis and serratus dorsalis cranialis, extends cranioventrally
§ Origin: cranial border of thoracolumbar fascia, spines of the first 3 thoracic vertebra, median raphe of the neck
§ Termination: nuchal crest and temporal bone
Semispinalis capitis
contains biventer cervicis and complexus, part of the cervical portion of the transversospinalis group
§ Origin: deep to splenius, thoracic vertebrae
§ Termination: head
Dorsal intercostal arteries
first 3 branch from the costocervical trunk, last 9 from the aorta and terminate on epaxial muscles -> lateral cutaneous branches perforate intercostal muscles to supply cutaneous structures (thoracic mammary glands) -> located on top of the inside of ribs
ventral intercostal arteries
- branches of the internal thoracic artery
- anastomoses with dorsal intercostal arteries
Internal thoracic artery
from the subclavian artery, cranial border of transversus thoracis muscle, near attachment of costal arch with the sternum, terminates into musculophrenic artery and cranial epigastric artery, supplies the phrenic nerve, thymus, mediastinal pleura, dorsal intercostal spaces, runs ventrocaudally
where are the maxillary and lingufacial veins?
above the jugular veins on the side of the neck
where do the maxillary and linguofacial veins drain?
into the external jugular
what does the accessory nerve innervate?
· Accessory is the only motor nerve to the trapezius
· Accessory also supplies the omotransversarius, sternocephalicus, and cervical cleidocephalicus of the brachiocephalicus
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
- located at the bifurcation of the trachea and also farther out on the bronchi
- drains lungs/bronchi, thoracic part of the trachea and heart
what does axillary lymph node drain?
vessels of the thoracic wall and limb drain into this node
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
- cranial to the shoulder, deep to the brachiocephalic and omotransversarius- receives lymph from the cutaneous area of the heat, neck, and thoracic limb
lung structure
o Left lung divided into cranial and caudal lobes by deep fissures, cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal parts
o Right lung divided into 4 lobes: cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory, accessory lobe is visible from the left through the caudal mediastinum or on the right through the plica vena cava
Cardiac notch
right side, at the 4th/5th intercostal space, space between the cranial and middle lobes where the heart is exposed on the right side only, area of the right ventricle of the heart (area for cardiac puncture)
Auricular surface
surface of the heart facing the left thoracic wall, tips of the 2 auricles project on this side
Atrial surface
on the opposite surface of the auricles facing the right thoracic wall, the thin walled right ventricle wind across the cranial surface form the atrial surface of the heart
Coronary sulcus
lies between the atria and ventricles and contains the coronary vessels and fat
Interventricular sulci
superficial separations of the right and left ventricles, represent the approximate position of the oblique interventricular septum
Paraconal interventricular sulcus
obliquely traversing the auricular surface of the heart, begins at the base of the pulmonary trunk where it is covered by the left auricle; adjacent to the conus arteriosus which is the outflow tract of the right ventricle; contains the paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery
Subsinuosal interventricular sulcus
shorter and less distinct, caudal aspect of the atrial surface ventral to the level of the coronary sinus that enters the right atrium, contains the terminal branch of the left coronary artery
Sinus venarum
main par of the right atrium, has 4 openings (caudal vena cava, coronary sinus, cranial vena cava, right atrioventricular orifice)
The crista
terminalis
is the smooth-surfaced, thick portion of
heart muscle shaped like a semilunar crest at the
entrance into the auricle. Pectinate muscle bands
radiate from this crest into the auricle.
Right auricle
blind cranial part of the right atrium
- has pectinate muscle
Coronary sinus
ventral opening to the right atrium, enlarges venous return for most of the blood from the heart;
- dilated terminal end of the great cardiac vein
intervenous tubercle
between the 2 caval openings is a transverse ridge of tissue, diverts inflowing blood from the 2 caval veins towards the right atrioventricular orifice
Trabeculae carneae
muscular irregularities of the interior of the ventricular walls
Trabecula septomarginalis
muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricle from the septal to the parietal wall
conus arteriosus
funnel leading from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
right coronary artery
leaves the right sinus of the aorta, encircles the right side of the heart in the coronary groove and often extends to the subsinuosal interventricular groove, sends many small and 1-2 large descending branches over the surface of the right ventricle
left coronary artery
twice as large as the right artery, short trunk that leaves the left sinus and terminates in the circumflex branch and paraconal interventricular branch, these branches extend rami over the surface of the left ventricle
Circumflex branch
extends caudally in the left part of the coronary sulcus and supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch
where should cardiac puncture be performed?
cardiac notch
cranial vena cava
drains into the right atrium after its formation by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins (goes directly to the heart)
brachiocephalic vein
formed on each side by the external jugular and subclavian veins
Right azygos vein
last branch entering the cranial vena cava, may enter the right atrium directly, unpaired, the dog only has the right azygos vein, seen from the right in the mediastinal space winding ventrocranially around the root of the right lung, originates dorsally in the abdomen, collects all of the dorsal intercostal veins on each side at the 3rd/4th intercostal space
Vertebral artery
crosses the medial surface of the first rib and disappears dorsally between the longus colli and scalenus muscles, enters the transverse foramen of the 6th cervical vertebrae and passes through the transverse foramina of the first 6 cervical vertebrae, supplies both muscular branches to the vertical muscles and spinal branches at each IV foramen, enters vertebral canal through lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas
Costocervical trunk
distal to vertebral artery, extends dorsally as far as vertebral end of the 1st rib, supplies structures of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd intercostal spaces, muscles at the base of the neck and muscles dorsal to the first few thoracic vertebrae
Superficial cervical artery
arises from the subclavian opposite to the origin of the internal thoracic artery
where are the Dorsal intercostal arteries, veins, intercostal nerves located?
· run along the caudal edges of the ribs, deep to the intercostal muscles
· You would want to make an incision on the cranial aspect of the rib to avoid cutting the blood or nerve supply to that area
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
· Supplies the diaphragm, receives sensory fibers from the caudal intercostal nerves (muscle of respiration)
Aortic hiatus
dorsal passageway between the crura for the aorta, azygos vein, and the thoracic duct
Esophageal hiatus
central passageway in the muscular part of the right crus, transmits the esophagus, vagal nerve trunks, and esophageal vessels
Caval foramen
at the junction of the tendinous and muscular parts of the right side of the diaphragm for the caudal vena cava to pass through
veins that done have artery pairs
· Portal vein, azygos, cranial and caudal vena cava, cephalic vein, accessory cephalic vein, medial cubital vein, external jugular vein, great cardiac vein, axillobrachial vein, omobrachial vein
heart orientation
· Apex faces ventrally, caudally and to the left
· Auricular surface= surface of heart facing left thoracic wall
· Atrial surface= surface of heart facing right thoracic wall
· Middle of mediastinum
what is the adult structure of the umbilical veins?
round ligament of the liver
where is the round ligament of the liver located?
in the free border of the falciform ligament
what is the adult structure for the umbilical arteries?
the round ligament of the bladder
where is the round ligament of the bladder located?
in the median ligament of the bladder
what is the adult structure of the gubernaculum called?
the round ligament of the uterus
what connects the ovarian bursa to the uterine horn?
Proper ligament of ovary
what do the umbilical arteries come off of?
the internal iliac
Rami communicans
the sympathetic preganglionic axon that leaves the spinal cord and attaches to the sympathetic trunk, leaves the ventral branch of the spinal nerve
Middle cervical ganglion
where the 2 loops of the ansa subclavia unite, lies at the junction of the ansa and vagosympathetic trunk and appears as a swelling of the combined structures
Vertebral nerve
a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion that follows the vertebral artery through the transverse foramina, the source of postganglionic axons for the remaining cervical spinal nerves via branches at each intervertebral space from the vertebral nerve to each cervical spinal nerve
Cardiac nerves
many branches that leave the ansa subclavia and middle cervical ganglion that course to the heart to innervate it
recurrent laryngeal nerve
branch of vagus (PNS) that goes up neck
order of branches off axillary artery
external thoracic, (lateral thoracic), subscapular -> ( thoracodorsal, circumflex scapular, caudal circumflex humeral,) cranial circumflex humeral
order of branches off brachial artery
deep brachial, collateral ulnar, superficial brachial, transverse cubital, common interosseus -> (ulnar, caudal interosseus)
blood supply to duodenum
gastroduodenal artery, cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery, caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunum blood supply
cranial mesenteric artery (in the root of the mesentery), jejunal arteries
Ileum blood supply
ileal arteries, antimesenteric ileal branches
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
joins the transversalis fascia medial to the dorsal end of the last rib, holds the ovary in a fixed position
Major splanchnic nerve
leaves the sympathetic trunk at the 12th or 13th thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglion, passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm, enters the abdominal cavity and courses to the adrenal and celiacomesenteric ganglion and plexuses
Minor splanchnic nerve
generally 2, leave the last thoracic and first lumbar sympathetic ganglia, they supply nerves to the adrenal glands, ganglion, ad nplexus, terminate in the celiacomesenteric ganglia and plexus
what supplies the left colic artery?
the caudal mesenteric artery
blood supply for the adrenal glands?
phrenico-abdominal artery
Branches off Cranial Mesenteric
o Branches into middle and right colic a., caudal pancreaticoduodenal a., and jejunal aa.
what is a portal system?
· Portal system- a 2 capillary bed system
o 1st capillary bed is within the initial organ; site of O2 and nutrients exchange
o 2nd capillary bed with in liver; site of blood detoxification, several rounds of detoxification occur before blood returned to the heart.
Blood from which organs does the liver filter?
· Stomach, Spleen and GI tract
o Cannot be immediately returned as it needs to be filtered of toxins by the liver in order to avoid killing the animal by sending blood with toxins back to the heart, lungs and rest of body
steps of a spay
· After approaching the tract surgically, must break suspensory ligaments of ovary
· Tie off ovarian arteries/veins and cut
· Break round ligament of the uterus
· Break down the broad ligament (mesovarium and mesometrium only; mesosalpinx will be carried with ovary without being dissected)
· Tie off and cut through uterine artery/vein
· Tie off around uterine body as caudally as possible (some surgeons say include the cervix some say no.... doesn't matter for this class) and cut off.
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