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exam 2 review

Terms in this set (62)

residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
women: 0.8-1.2L
men: 0.9-1.4L
increases as you age
Allows gas exchange without being interrupted
endurance activity impacts on pulmonary system
-Regular endurance exercise does NOT stimulate large increases in the pulmonary systems functional capacity
differences in ventilation between men and women
men: 140-180L
women: 80-120 L
-women have reduced lung size, airway diameter, smaller diffusion surface
differences in ventilation due to aging
ventilation rate increases with age
-more breathes need to be taken because the lungs do not expand as much
-more residual air in the lungs - less air expelled
ventilation changes during exercise
inspiration: chest moves in and flattens to expand air into lungs and equal our the pressure between the air in the lungs and the outside air
expiration: lungs recoil and inspiratory muscles relax
- ventilation increases linearly with increases in work rate
-oxygen consumption also increases linearly with increasing work rate
Valsalva maneuver
creates pressure build up by activating muscles for exhaling but closing the glottis to prevent air from escaping
-diminishes blood flow to brain - reduces BP
-can give extra force needed for exercise
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath (0.4-1.0 L)
-tells us the function of the respiratory muscles
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
The volume of air expired during a forced maximal expiration after a forced maximal inspiration.
-Men 4-5L
-women 3-4L
residual lung volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a complete and total forced exhale
RLV+FVC = TLC
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
-each hemoglobin molecule binds 4 O2 molecules
-15g in men
-14g in women
Anemia
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. - Less likely to carry a lot of oxygen in blood
-exercise is hard because not enough oxygen is being transported throughout the body
solubility of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
CO2 is most easily dissolved in water plasma and blood
-oxygen is second most easily dissolved, nitrogen has a higher quantity that is dissolved per dL of blood
does pulmonary ventilation limit maximal exercise?
NO - endurance athletes can be limited by their pulmonary ventilation due to the intensity at which they work cannot intake enough oxygen to withstand intensity
changes in oxygen and CO2 during exercise
oxygen consumption and CO2 production both increase. Oxygen diffuses from the cells into tissues and CO2 comes from muscles into the blood
changes that come from regular exercise
increased cardiovascular function to optimize gas exchange and arterial saturation. Increased pulmonary function to optimize breathing
where do most adoptions happen due to aerobic training?
most changes occur in cardiovascular system - increase maximal cardiac output, increasing stroke volume, and reducing HR at rest
-In endurance athletes, pulmonary function lags behind cardiovascular and muscle function adaptions. VE increases with volume of O2 and CO2
OBLA
The onset of blood lactate accumulation: the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in
-increasing OBLA is important to be able to work at the highest intensity
ventilatory threshold
The point during graded exercise in which ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen uptake, signifying a switch from predominately aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production.
-RER greater than 1
-Extra CO2 in the body because of lactic acid build up
mean artial pressure (MAP)
average force exerted by blood against arterial wall during cardiac cycle
-measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion of organs in the body
systolic blood pressure
the pressure created when the heart contracts and forces blood out into the arteries
-changes based on your energy expenditure
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling
-stays pretty constant
Changes in BP during exercise
BP increase with intensity and amount of muscles used
-SBP declines as steady-rate exercise continues, increases at first then plateaus
-DBP remains unchanged throughout exercise
what is blood pressure
force/pressure of blood against arterial walls

BP = cardiac output * Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
-analyzes the efficacy of the heart
during exercise pulse pressure increases in stroke volume
AV node
atrioventricular node, helps create the delay that is between the arterial and ventricular filling
-important because it controls the passage of the heart's electrical signal from atria to ventricle
capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
-single layer of rolled up endothelial cells - one at a time
veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
-valves that stop blood from back flowing into the veins
arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-help regulate what muscles get what blood during exercise
SA node
sinoatrial node, pacemaker of the heart
-responsible for initiating the heartbeat - rhythm starts in the SA node
what causes change in blood flow
1. pressure gradient between two ends of a vessel
2. resistance encounter in fluid flow
-blood thickness
-length of conducting tube
-blood vessel radius
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
-neurons release acetylcholine which slows HR
-inhibition of acetylcholine increases HR in exercise
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
-releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
-supplies SA and AV nodes
differences in O2 in upper and lower body
-highest VO2 during arm averages 20-30% lower than legs - lower HR and pulmonary ventilation - smaller muscle mass activated during arms as well
-power output with upper body provides greater physiological strain than lower body
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
-cardiac output is important because it helps keep BP at levels needed to supply oxygen to brain and other vital organs
oxygen extraction
amount of oxygen removed from blood
- the a-vO2 difference
-ability to extract oxygen from the blood to power muslces
shunting
hole that allows fluid from one part of the body to another. Shunts blood between venous and arterial circulation
what organs are not impacted by shunting?
heart and brain
Vo2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise
-ability to resynthesize ATP aerobically
-corresponds with cardiac output
PAO2
partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar chambers
PaO2
partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
-how well oxygen can move from the lungs to the blood
SaO2%
percent saturation of arterial blood with oxygen
-95-100% is normal range
percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the arterial blood saturated with oxygen
PvO2
partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
-balance between oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery
PACO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar chambers
-differs from incoming breath of moist ambient air
PaCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
PvCO2
partial pressure of CO2 in venous blood
35-45 mmHg
SvO2%
percent saturation of venous blood with oxygen
-amount of oxygen left over after the tissues remove what they need
60-80%
a-vO2diff
arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference
-difference between oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed venous blood
4-5mL
V
mixed venous blood
70-75% range
The lowest pressure reached during ventricular relaxation represents A) Systole B) Systolic blood pressure C) Mean arterial pressure D) Diastolic blood pressure
diastolic blood pressure
At rest, the myocardium extracts how much of the oxygen from the blood in the coronary vessels? A) 40-50% B) 70-80% C) 20-30% D) 90-100%
70-80%
True or false? Upon completion of a single bout of submaximal exercise, blood pressure temporarily falls below pre-exercise levels for normotensive and hypertensive individuals.
true
True or false? Systolic blood pressure increases the first few minutes of exercise, then levels off at 160 to 180 mmHg in healthy men and women.
false
The inherent rhythmicity or beating of the heart is approximately how many beats per minute?A) 65 beatsB) 100 beatsC) 75 beatsD) 50 beats
100
True or false? An increase in the viscosity of blood will cause flow to increase.
false
Cardiac output is a product of which of the following variables? A) Heart rate and a -VO2 difference B) Stroke volume and heart rate C) Heart rate and blood flow D) VO2max and heart rate
stroke volume and heart rate
Endurance athletes achieve higher cardiac outputs through large increases in which variable of the cardiac output formula? A) Stroke volume B) Heart rate C) VO2max D) Blood pressure
stroke volume
Blood pressure is a product of: A) Stroke volume and heart rate B) Heart rate and total peripheral resistance C) Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance D) Stroke volume and total peripheral resistance
cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
How much delay occurs between the time the atria receive the electrical pulse and pass it to the AV node? A) 1.0 second B) 0.01 second C) 0.10 second D) 10 seconds
0.10 seconds
At rest, in muscle tissue, only one of every 30 to 40 of what type of blood vessel remains open? A) Capillaries B) Veins C) Arteries D) Artioles
capillaries
True or false? The sinoatrial node can be described as a pacemaker.
true
During bouts of exercise, there is a shunting of blood toward active tissues, though certain areas cannot be compromised. Which of the following areas would not be able to compromise their supply? A) Small intestines and skin B) Skin and kidneys C) Heart and skin D) Heart and brain
heart and brain
At rest, what is the normal amount of oxygen returned unused to the heart in 5 L of blood? A) 250 mL B) 500 mL C) 750 mL D) 1000 mL
750 mL
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