noseexchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled airsinusesproduce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound productionpharynxtransports air back and forth between nose and trachealarynxmakes speech possibleupper respiratory tractnose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachealower respiratory tractbronchial tree and lungsnasal septuma wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sectionsnasal ciliahair inside nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debrismucous membranespecialized tissues lining parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systemsolfactory receptorsnerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smelltonsilshelp protect body from infection entering through nose or mouthpalatine tonsilslocated at the back of the mouthnasopharyngeal tonsils-located behind the nose and roof of the mouth -adenoidsparanasal sinusesair-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skullfrontal sinuseslocated in the frontal bone just above the eyebrowssphenoid sinuslocated in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary glandmaxillary sinuslocated in maxillary bones under the eyes infection will cause pain in posterior maxillary teethpharynxthroat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynxnasopharynxposterior to nasal cavity, soft palate muscles prevents food from entering during swallowing,oropharynx(or/o: mouth; -pharynx: throat) Visible when looking into the mouth Shared by respiratory and digestive systems Transports air, food, and fluids to the laryngopharynxlaryngopharynxshared by respiratory and digestive systems air, food, and fluids continue to the open of esophagus and tracheaLarynxvoice boxtwo mechanisms prevent entrance of food or water into tracheaSoft palate moves up and backward to close off the nasopharynx Prevents food from entering the nose Epiglottis swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx Prevents food from entering the trachea and lungstracheaThe windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.bronchiprimary bronchi branch from trachea to convey air into the two lungsAlveolitiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and bloodright lung3 lobesleft lung2 lobes- space restricted due to heartmediastinumthe middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungspleuramoist membrane covering outer surface of lungs and lining inner surface of thoracic cavityvisceral pleurainner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissuepleural cavity space-Fluid-filled space between parietal and visceral pleural membranes -Fluid acts as a lubricantdiaphrama muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavityrespirationexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxideinhilationThe breathing in phase, oxygen rich air moves into tiny air sacs in the lungs.exhalationbreathing outexternal respirationWith inhalation of air into alveoli, oxygen is passed into capillaries and carried by erythrocytes to body cells Carbon dioxide, as a waste product, is passed into bloodstream and transported into air spaces for exhalationinternal respirationExchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood Oxygen passes into cells; carbon dioxide passes into bloodstream where it is transported to the lungs, and expelled during exhalationotolaryngologistspecialist in the ear and throatpulmonologista physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory systemthoracic surgeonperforms operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophaguschronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)a group of lung diseases characterized by the continual blockage of lung passageschronic bronchitisinflammation of the airways due to recurrent exposure to inhaled irritantemphysemaprogressive loss of lung functionasthmaA chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.croupan acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking coughdiptheriabacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by the formation of a thick membranous film across the throat and a high mortality rateepistaxisnosebleedInfluenzaacute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle painpertussiswhooping coughrhinorrhearunny nosesinusitisinflammation of the sinusespharyngitissore throat, inflammation of the pharynxlaryngospasmthe sudden spasmodic closure of the larynxaphoniathe loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech soundsdysphoniadifficulty speakinglaryngitisinflammation of the larynxbronchorrheaan excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchipleurisyinflammation of the pleurapleurodyniaa sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalationpleaural effusionfluid in the pleural spacepyothoraxpus in the chest cavityempyemapus in the pleural cavityhemothoraxblood in the pleural cavitypneumothoraxair in the pleural cavityatelextasisincomplete expansion of a part of all of the lungpulmonary edemaaccumulation of fluid in the lung tissuespulmonary embolismBlocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clotpulmonary edemaaccumulation of fluid in the lung tissuetuberculosisAn infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungsbronchopneumoniabacterial pneumonia: affects bronchioleslobar pneumoniabacterial pneumonia: affects one or more lobes of a lungatelextasisincomplete expansion of a part of a lung due to obstruction or pneumothoraxaspiration pneumoniadue to inhaling foreign substance into lungsbacterial pneumoniamost commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniaeHospital acquired pneumoniapneumonia acquired during hospitalizationcommunity acquired pneumoniaresults from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinicinterstitial lung diseasea group of diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structurespulmonary fibrosisformation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungspneumoconiosisabnormal condition of dust in the lungsasbestosisresult of inhalation of asbestos particlescystic fibrosisa life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucuslung cancerLeading cause of cancer-related deaths for both med and women in the U.S.; primary or metastatic disease; most commonly occurs between the ages of 45 and 70 years.eupneanormal breathingapneatemporary absence of breathingbradypnealess than 10 breaths/ minCheyne-Stokes respirationirregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apneaTachypneamore than 20 breaths per minuteDyspneadifficult or labored breathinghyperpneadeeper than normal breathinghypopneashallow breathingHyperventilationrapid deep breathingsleep apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakeningsexpectorationcoughing up and spitting out of material from the lungshemoptysiscoughing up bloodairway obstructionfood or foreign object partially or completely blocks airway preventing air from entering or leaving the lungsanoxialack of oxygenhypoxiaLow oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the bloodasphyxialack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediatelycyanosisa bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.hypercapniabuildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodhypoxmiadecreased level of oxygen in the bloodsudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy babyrespiratory ratecounting of number of breaths/minuterespiratory soundsevaluation of sounds heard upon auscultation of lungsbronchoscopyvisual examination of the bronchichest x-rayassists with diagnosing lung disorderslaryngoscopyvisual examination of the larynxpolysomnographymeasures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apneapulmonary function testsa group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometerspirometermeasures volume of air inhaled/exhaled and length of time required for each breathpulse oximeterExternal monitor that measures the oxygen saturation level in the bloodsputum cytologysputum cytology examines the phlegm to detect cancer cellsantitussivea drug that prevents coughingbronchodilatorinhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungsmetered-dose inhaleradministers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol formnebulizerallows for inhalation of a medicated mist via face mask or mouthpieceendotracheal intubationestablishing open airway by passage of tube through mouth into the tracheaHyperbarix Oxygen Therapyspecial chamber for delivering pure oxygennasal cannulasmall tube that divides into two nasal prongsventilatormechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathingdiaphragmatic breathingrelaxation technique for relief of anxietyCPAPa noninvasive, ventilation-assistance modality that provides a set positive airway pressure throughout the patient's respiratory cyclethoracentesissurgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural spacethoracotomysurgical puncture of chest wall for removal of fluid from pleural cavitylobectomyremoval of a lobe of an organpneumonectomythe surgical removal of all or part of a lungtracheotomyincision into the tracheatracheostomycreation of an artificial opening into the trachealaryngotomya surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructedlaryngectomysurgical removal of the larynxbronch/o, bronchi/obronchial tube, bronchusox/i, ox/o, ox/yOxygenphon/osound, voicepleural/opleura-pneabreathingpulm/olungsomn/oto sleepspir/oto breathethorac/ochestthrache/otracheaalveolitiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and bloodAsthmaA chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.atelectasiscollapsed lungbronchodilatoragent causing the bronchi to widenbronchospasmspasmodic contraction of the bronchiDiptheriapseudo membrane formationdysophoniadifficulty producing speech sounds, usually due to hoarsenessdyspneadifficulty breathingEmphysemaA serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties.endotrachial intubationinsertion of tube to open the airwayhypoxemiadeficient amount of oxygen in the bloodHypoxiaLow oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the bloodphlegmthick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passagestachypnearapid breathingBronchi (spelling)The passages that direct air into the lungsAlveoli (Spelling)tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and bloodEpiglottis (spelling)A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.Larynx (spelling)voice boxPharynx (spelling)throat

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engineering

The 7 FA gas turbine manufactured by General Electric is reported to have an efficiency of 35.9 percent in the simple-cycle mode and to produce 159 MW of net power. The pressure ratio is 14.7 and the turbine inlet temperature is $1288^{\circ} \mathrm{C}.$ The mass flow rate through the turbine is 1,536,000 kg/h. Taking the ambient conditions to be $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 100 kPa, determine the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and the compressor. Also, determine the thermal efficiency of this gas turbine if a regenerator with an effectiveness of 65 percent is added.

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engineering

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