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PHI 105 Module 1 Powerpoint

Terms in this set (33)

________________ is a fundamental characteristic of human beings.
reasoning
________________ refers to thoughts simply coming to us, one after another. ___________________ refers actively linking thoughts together in a way that we believe one thought provides support for another thought.
thinking, reasoning
________________ involves a special relationship between different thoughts
inference
The phrases so, therefore, hence, since, thus, and implies are some common examples of _____________ indicators.
inference
We express inferences by means of _______________.
statements
A __________________ is a sentence that is used to make a claim that is capable of being true or false
statement
If a sentence is not capable of being __________________, then it is NOT a statement
true or false
An ______________________ is a set of statements that claims that one or more of those statements, support another of them.
argument
_______________ refers to a set of statements that are attempting to support another set of statements, the ________________.
premises, conclusion
A ________________ refers to a set of statements that are being supported by another set of statements, the ______________.
conclusion, premises
The phrases because, since, given that, assuming that, provided that, and whereas are some common examples of _____________ indicators.
premises
The phrases therefore, hence, entails that, consequently, and as a result are some common examples of _____________ indicators.
conclusion
The logical strength of an argument is independent/depedent of the truth or falsity of its premises
independent
An argument has _____________________ when its premises, if true, actually provide support for its conclusion
logical strength
The logical strength of an argument is often a matter of ___________
degree
___________________ arguments are arguments that are so strong that the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
deductive
______________ arguments are where the truth of the premises makes it reasonable to hold that the conclusion is also true, but it does not provide an absolute guarantee.
inductive
Arthur has been a moderate social drinker for twenty years.
No one has ever known him to get drunk.
Therefore, he won't get drunk at the party tonight.

This is an example of a strong _________________ argument.
inductive
___________ arguments are arguments that have both logical strength and __________________.
sound, true premises
_________ is a property of statements
truth
Logical strength is a property of ___________________
inferences
__________________ is a property of an argument as a whole
soundness
Arguments where it is inappropriate to ask whether the premises are true are called _____________________________.
counterfactual arguments
Reductio ad absurdum is a statement is proven to be _______ by assuming it to be ________ and then deriving a __________________ from that assumption.
true, false, contradiction
A _______________________________ is a statement that says that so-and-so argued in a certain way
report of an argument
Is this an argument? If not, what is it? Why or why not?

John refuses to vote in elections because he believes that all politicians are dishonest
Not an argument, a report of an argument → it simply tells us that John reasons in a certain way
An __________________ is an attempt to show why or how something happens (or has happened) when there is little reason to doubt the truth of the conclusion.
explanation
My car won't start because it is out of gas is an _______________________ because...
explanation, it shows why or how something happens
________________ explanations explain an event by reference to its causes
causal
An explanation is appropriate when the event in question is ____________________________ and we are seeking to understand why it occurred
taken for granted
We seek explanations not because the truth of the conclusion is in question, but because...
our understanding of it is incomplete
If a statement that is true but is more clearly understood in light of the evidence provided in the premise(s), then it is an ___________________.
explanation
If a statement whose truth is in question but is claimed to be true on the basis of the evidence provided in the premise(s), then it is an __________________________.
argument
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