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BIO 160 Unit 3 Review

Terms in this set (53)

What can be said about the two members of a homologous pair of chromosomes?
- They are the same shape (including placement of the centromere)
- One member of the homologous pair comes from one parent and the other member of the pair comes from the other parent
- They are the same length
- They carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
When does crossing-over between non-sister chromatids occur?
Prophase I
Crossing over, which results in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____________________.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes (in a tetrad)
Meiosis produces (select all that apply)
- Haploid cells
- A total of 4 cells
- Genetically different cells
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have a haploid life cycle?
Fungi
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
The words "homozygous" and "heterozygous" can be used to describe an individual's ________________.

while descriptive terms for things like coat color, flower color, coat texture, or height describe an individual's ________________.
- genotype

- phenotype
________________________ was an Augustinian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with garden pea plants in his monastery garden. He is also known as the father of modern genetics.
Gregor Mendel
True or false? The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
True
In a pedigree what do circles indicate?
Females
Punnett Square
- 50% is red dominant
- 50% is green recessive
Could two parents that do not have Huntington's disease have a child that has Huntington's disease?

(DOMINANT ALLELE)

(You may need to do a Punnett square on scratch paper to determine this).
No, if both parents were hh they could not have a child with Huntington's.
Could two parents that do not have CF have a child that has CF?

(RECESSIVE ALLELE)

(You may need to do a Punnett square on scratch paper to determine this).
Yes, if both parents are Gg they could have a child with cystic fibrosis.
Build a Punnett square that would give you a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green peas in the F1 generation.

YELLOW IS DOMINANT
GREEN IS RECESSIVE
_____| Y | y |
Y | YY Yy
y | Yy yy
There are two alleles for this gene; long ears (EL) and no ears (EN).

A sheep that inherits one long-eared allele and one no eared allele will have short ears.

E(L) E(L) =

E(N) E(N) =

E(L) E(N) =
- long ears

- no ears

- short ears
Swine that inherit two "stress positive" alleles are extremely susceptible to external stress.

Dominant: NORMAL GENE
Recessive: STRESS GENE

- You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back homozygous dominant should you breed this animal?

- You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back homozygous recessive. Should you breed this animal?

- You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back heterozygous. Should you breed this animal?
- yes

- no

- no
In Texas Longhorns (a type of cattle) coat color is determined by one gene that is expressed through codominance.

There are two alleles for this gene; red (CR)and white (CW).

Both alleles are dominant. Longhorns that display both red and white hair are called "roan".

- C(R) C(W) =

- C(R) C(R) =

- C(W) C(W) =
- Roan
- Red
- White
Human Blood (what is dominant and recessive)
- A
- B
- AB
- O
- A is dominant
- B is dominant
- AB is dominant to O
- O is recessive
Eye color in fruit flies is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome.

There are two alleles for this gene; red (Xw+) and white (Xw).

The red allele is dominant and the white allele is recessive.

1.) Xw+Xw

2.) Xw+Xw+

3.) XwXw

4.) Xw+Y

5.) XwY
1.) Red eyed female (carrier)

2.) Red eyed female

3.) White eyed female

4.) Red eyed male

5.) White eyed male
Perform a Punnett square for a cross between:
Homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly (Xw+Xw+)
White-eyed male fruit fly. (XwY)


What percentage of the female F1 offspring will be:
1.) Homozygous dominant

2.) Homozygous recessive

3.) Heterozygous
1.) 0%

2.) 0%

3.) 100%
take a pedigree test on color blindness
H
Autosomal recessive
- two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
Autosomal dominant
- inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
X-linked recessive
What pattern of genetic transmission affects only M and has no M-to-M transmission, and mother is usually an unaffected carrier?
In order to be affected an individual must receive two copies of the mutated allele, which is located on chromosome 7.

Which of the following terms best describe this syndrome?
Autosomal recessive
on family pedigree
do dead people still count as a gender?
yes.
What can you conclude from this test cross?
- The allele for white is recessive

- The allele for purple is dominant
- (A) Tricolored (black, sable, and white), nonmerle Shetland Sheepdog (mm),
- (B) Blue merle Shetland Sheepdog (Mm)
- (C) Double merle Shetland Sheepdog (MM).

Which pattern of inheritance does this follow?
Incomplete dominance
Which of the following best describes the purpose of DNA replication?
To make 2 identical copies of DNA to prepare for cell division
Match the descriptions in the table below to DNA, RNA, or both.
- Contains thymine
DNA
Match the descriptions in the table below to DNA, RNA, or both.
- Has a -OH group on the 2' carbon of its sugar component
RNA
Match the descriptions in the table below to DNA, RNA, or both.
- Contains adenine, cytosine, and guanine
Both DNA & RNA
Match the descriptions in the table below to DNA, RNA, or both.
- Typically a double-stranded helix
DNA
Helicase
- Enzyme that untwist/unzip the double helix at the replication forks
- (Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands)
Replication Fork
Located at each end of a replication bubble, a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
Primer
Short RNA strand that base-pairs with the template strand of DNA and allows the enzyme responsible for polymerizing DNA to initiate synthesis
Topoisomerase
- Enzyme that relieves the strain caused by tight twisting ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
- (Removes tightened coils ahead of the replication fork)
Single-stranded binding Proteins
Proteins that bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA
Primase
Enzyme that synthesizes a short RNA strand using the parental DNA as a template
What statement is correct about human X and Y chromosomes?
The X chromosome is larger and has more genes than the Y chromosome
Edwards syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a THIRD copy of all or part of chromosome 18
Trisomy 18
Pallister Killian syndrome is a result of a REPEAT sequence on chromosome 12
Duplication
Salmonids, fishes including salmon and trout, diverged from their ancestors due to a unique whole-genome duplication event where their entire diploid (2n) genome was duplicated, thereby producing individuals with tetraploid (4n) cells.

Salmonids can be described as
Polyploids
X(A) = normal allele, X(a) = mutant allele. X(a)X(a) can be used to denote which of the following in humans?
Female with recessive mutant gene condition
DNA Ligase
Covalently attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand
polymerase
- Synthesizes DNA on the leading and lagging strands
- Removes RNA primers
- Fills in gaps in DNA
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
DNA replication can be described as
semi conservative
Which of these would you expect to have a single circular chromosome?
Bacteria (has circular dna, not linear)
Two strands of DNA can hybridize if they...
- Are antiparallel
- Have complementary base pairs
CRISPR/Cas9
A nuclease guided by an RNA that can be used to cut out sections of DNA
DNA sequencing
determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment
gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
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