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apes 11+12

Terms in this set (32)

what are the main causes of loss of biodiversity and what is the greatest cause?
"HIPPOC"- habitat alteration, invasive species, population growth, pollution, overharvesting climate change.
greatest- habitat fragmentation (farming, roads, logging, "habitats broken into pieces"
are k- selected or r-selected species most vulnerable to human impact and why?
k- selected species are most vulnerable to human impact= fewer in numbers and generally keystone species.
define extirpation, speciation, extinction, immigration, emigration. which affect local species diversity, which affect global species diversity?
extirpation- local extinction (L)
speciation- formation of a new species (G)
extinction- last species dies ceases to exist (G)
immigration- going
emigration- leaving
what is the latitudinal gradient in species richness and be able recognize several explanations for its existence.
latitude gradient ->pattern variation of latitude, species richness increase as approaching/getting closer to the equator. extinction decreases species richness.
11.5- tropics provide more room for speciation, solar energy, plants, producers near equator, stability of climate.
most species are---, most animals are--- among vertebrates, most are---.
animals....insects....fish
what is the main cause of the current (sixth) mass extinction and what are some examples of this cause?
humans caused the 6th extinction by hunting, habitat destruction, pollution
would an improvement in genetic diversity prevent or delay the extinction of a species?
yes it would because if they all improved then they wouldn't die from disease. if they had low genetic diversity that would mean they would die because they can't adapt to changes in the environment.
how does biodiversity enhance human food security?
guarantee of variety of foods just in case one is destroyed whole population doesn't starve
how does the loss of a keystone species affect an ecological system?
with the loss of a top predator it could have a domino affect leaving a large amount of prey consuming more producers than usual
what actions would violate CITIES?
1. ivory sale from elephants 2. tiger fur
protect endangered species by banning international transport of body parts
how is DNA and forensics used in dealing with sales of endangered species?
can IP species of organism which helps determine illegal/enforce laws
ex.) illegal whale meet (african protected species)
how does the Endangered Species Act allow landowners to harm a protected species in a specific area?
providing habitats elsewhere
what are endemic species and describe their risk of extinction
species occur only one region of the world, increases extinction rate
How does habitat fragmentation affect genetic biodiversity?
prevents species from getting to another habitat, genetic variation decreases
what are the causes of habitat fragmentation?
logging, farms, roads, developments (urban planning)
examples of overharvesting and invasive species
over fishing/hunting gathering racoons, coyotes
define the Antiquities Act
president can declare public land on a national monument
what is the SLOSS debate and what issues does it relate to?
which is better Single Large or Small Several to protect species (habitat fragmentation)
deforestation has the greatest impact on which areas?
monoculture/tropical/developing countries, dry regions
what ecosystem services are provided by forests?
air purify, co2 intake, slow runoff, purify water, release o2, moderate climate influence weather patterns
why do many countries impose few or no restriction on logging?
desperate for economical development
what is the difference between species richness and evenness?
species richness- number of species increase latitude
evenness- ratio of species
what does clear-cutting do to all trees from an area and what are the pros and cons?
removes all the trees at once
pro- cheapest and safest
con- soil erosion, increase sun, changes species, decrease biodiversity
what are the effects of deforestation?
soil erosion, increase evaporation soil, nutrients loss, biodiversity loss, increase species extinction
why would prescribed burns be used in forest?
to restore nutrients soil, burn leaf litter, and germinate seeds respond to fire
what are ways to mitigate deforestation?
reforestation, sustainable forestry, reusing wood, laws mandate wood be sold at fair prices
when do "edge effects" occur?
result of habitat fragmentation impacts/conditions fragments along edge differ from conditions in interior (outside more than inside)
How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainably yield?
keeping 50% carrying capacity population
how does the size of an island generally affect its biodiversity and why?
the bigger the size the bigger the pop (more #species)
smaller= less species and less space
what are the benefits of maintaining/increasing biodiversity?
more genetic diversity and food security
what is the difference between primary/old growth forests and second-growth forests?
primary/old- natural forests uncut by ppl: more biodiversity, good habitat, endangered species
second growth- smaller trees and different species and structure. contains trees sprouted and regrown partially
what are the different levels of biodiversity?
1. genetic 2. species 3. ecosystems
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