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Issues In Biology Exam 4

Terms in this set (155)

Define climate.
generally prevailing weather conditions of a region averaged over a period of time
Identify those variables which produce the climate of a region.
Temperature, Precipitation, Humidity, Wind, Atmospheric pressure, Sunshine vs. cloudiness
Define climate change.
a change in climatic patterns over an extended period of time
Identify the primary variable which produces climate change?
Produced primarily by changes in temperature
Define global warming.
the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere
Identify evidence that indicates that global warming is occurring.
Earth's average surface temperatures rose a total of 1.710 F. (0.950 C.) between 1880 & 2019
Worldwide, the 10 warmest years of the last 170 have all occurred since 2005 and the 6 warmest years are the 6 most recent years
The last 50 years have been the warmest half-century in 6000 years
Describe the greenhouse effect.
the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases
Identify both non-greenhouse gases and greenhouse gases.
non (99%) - nitrogen (n2) (78%) and oxygen (o2) (21%)
greenhouse (1%) - Water vaper (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 99%Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N20)
Define albedo (albedo effect) and identify Earth's surface features that possess a high albedo and those features that possess a low albedo.
percent of sun's energy reflected by an object
high - Ice, snow, clouds, aerosols
low- Water, forests, barren land, soil
Describe why Venus has a much higher temperature than Mercury even though Venus is farther away from the Sun than is Mercury.
Because of the runaway greenhouse effect. Venus's atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. Mercury is cooler because it doesn't have this abundance of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.
Identify evidence that suggests why global warming is currently occurring on Earth.
1.Earth's average surface temperatures rose a total of 1.710 F. (0.950 C.) between 1880 & 2019
2. Worldwide, the 10 warmest years of the last 170 have all occurred since 2005 and the 6 warmest years are the 6 most recent years
3. The last 50 years have been the warmest half-century in 6000 years
Define carbon dioxide sink.
storehouse for carbon dioxide
Identify examples of carbon dioxide sinks.
Organisms (like cows and plants) - generate Photosynthesis • CO2 + H20 + energy → carbohydrate + O2
Fossil fuels - Petroleum, natural gas, coal
Bodies of water - Soil • Ice • Permafrost
Identify the natural sources of carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration - Oxygen + nutrient → CO2 + H20 + energy
Ocean-atmosphere exchange - Oceans absorb and release CO2 at the surface
Volcanic eruptions - Release CO2 from deep within Earth's crust
Melting of ice & permafrost - Release CO2 from ice
Identify the anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide.
Burning fossil fuels - Petroleum, Coal, Natural gas
Burning solid wastes
Burning wood and wood products
What is the primary anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide?
burning fossil fuels
Where does the United States currently rank in terms of per capita carbon dioxide emission worldwide?
2nd (to Australia)
Describe the Keeling Curve.
Named after Charles David Keeling (1928-2005), it is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
Identify why there are peaks and valleys in the annual cycles of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Because in the spring/summer, plants are undergoing the process of photosynthesis and taking in CO2 and releasing oxygen. In the winter, this process is not occurring.
Describe the correlation between atmospheric temperature and carbon dioxide levels.
As atmospheric temperature increases, carbon dioxide levels also increase. Likewise, as carbon dioxide levels increase, atmospheric temperature increases. The same pattern applies to decreasing levels in both.
Identify the scientific means of measuring the Earth's past temperature.
through tree rings, instrumental records, glacier lengths, borehole temperatures (by drilling a hole into the earth like putting a metal spoon in coffee), ice cores, and multi proxy methods
Describe how ice cores are used to measure the Earth's past temperature and carbon dioxide levels.
drilling into ice and pulling up a core that preserves seasonal layering, where each clearly visible layer provides evidence about climate change - CO2 and temperature
Describe the effects of global warming.
Rises in temperature and humidity which produce climate change
Evaporation and precipitation are Increasing
Decrease in ice mass
Rising sea levels (Consistent 50-year upward trend in floods in every region except Oceania)
Increase in prevalence of floods, storms, droughts, and wildfires
Productivity changes of farms, forests, fisheries
Premature deaths and changes in geography of disease
Change in distribution and abundance of species
Explain why the public is confused and misinformed concerning the science of anthropogenic global warming.
The media gives the small number of skeptics a disproportionate amount of media attention, considering the overwhelming scientific consensus agreeing with anthropogenic global warming. The public is then effectively confused and misinformed on the science behind AGW.
What percentage of climate scientists agree that anthropogenic global warming is occurring?
97%
Identify common global warming misconceptions.
1. Climate's changed before
2. It's the sun
3. It's not bad
4. There is no consensus
5. It's cooling
6. Models are unreliable
7. Temperature record is unreliable
8. Animals and plants can adapt
9. It hasn't warmed since 1998
10. Antarctica is gaining ice
Identify the scientific evidence that supports global warming.
Statement on Climate Change from 18 Scientific Associations :
"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research (recording global land temperature anomaly) demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver." (2009)
Describe how species are impacted by global warming.
The predicted range of climate change by 2050 will place 15 to 35 percent of the 1,103 species studied at risk of extinction. The numbers are expected to hold up when extrapolated globally, potentially dooming more than a million species. "Climate change now represents at least as great a threat to the number of species surviving on Earth as habitat-destruction and modification," Conservation Biologist Chris Thomas, University of Leeds, UK said.
Identify the negative effects of global warming for humans.
Extreme heat and poor air quality increase complications from underlying heart and respiratory conditions.
More frequent and/or intense extreme weather and climate events.
Ticks and mosquitos that transmit illnesses are likely to increase and spread.
More frequent heavy rain events will likely increase Americans' exposure to water-borne illnesses.
Threats to food safety like lowering the nutritional quality, increasing the chance for food-borne illnesses.
Decreased land availability for a growing population due to rising sea levels.
Describe the predicted atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and temperature increases in the future.
Projected levels of atmospheric CO2 during the next 100 years would be higher than at anytime in the last 440,000 yrs. This would make the 2100 projected temperature increase: +1.4 - +5.7 °C (+2.5 - 10.3 °F).
What is the Kyoto Protocol? When was it established? What is its purpose?
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was an international treaty, named for the Japanese city in which it was adopted in December 1997, that aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming.
Explain why the United State withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001.
In March 2001, shortly after taking office, President George W. Bush announced the U.S. would not implement the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Bush's reasons for withdrawing from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol were that he was concerned that the deal would hurt the U.S. economy, lead to higher energy prices and invite other countries to take advantage of an agreement with little enforcement capabilities.
Identify the three options for dealing with global warming.
Mitigation, adaptation, and suffering.
Define mitigation.
mplement measures to reduce the pace and magnitude of the changes in global climate being caused by human activities
Define adaptation.
Implement measures to reduce the adverse impacts on human well-being resulting from the changes in climate that do occur
Define suffering.
Endure the adverse impacts that are not avoided by either mitigation or adaptation
Compare mitigation and adaptation in terms of counteracting the effects of global warming.
Mitigation involves reducing the flow of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The goal of mitigation is to avoid significant human interference with the climate system, and stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
Adaptation involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change. It also encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate change.
Identify types of global warming mitigation.
Protect the Environment, Stop Deforestation, Implement Solar Power, Wind Power Fuel-Efficiency, and Nuclear Power.
Identify how you personally can combat global warming.
Dress lightly when it's hot instead of turning up the air conditioning or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it's cold instead of turning up the heat.
Keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of using a vehicle.
Plant a tree.
Recycle.
Define photosynthesis.
Process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy.
Define autotroph and identify examples.
An organism capable of producing its own nutrient molecules
(Ex: Chemoautotrophs - An organism (typically a bacterium or a protozoan) that obtains energy through chemosynthesis rather than by photosynthesis)
Define heterotroph and identify examples.
An organism that cannot produce its own nutrient molecules
(Ex: Animals, Fungi, Most bacteria, Protists (other than algae))
Define photoautotroph and give and identify examples.
use photosynthesis to produce nutrient molecules
(Ex: Plants, Algae protists, Photosynthetic bacteria)
Identify both the word equation for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide plus water with light energy and photosynthetic pigments, result in glucose and oxygen gas
Identify both the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + light energy + photosynthetic pigments = (C6)(H12)(O6) & 6(O2)
What is light a form of?
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (energy propagated by vibrating electric and magnetic fields).
Define a photon and describe how it travels.
a bundle of electromagnetic energy that travels in waves
Identify the components of a light wave and describe how wavelength is measured.
The crest of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upward displacement from the rest position.
The trough of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of negative or downward displacement from the rest position.
Wavelengths are measured from crest to crest and from trough to trough.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-2/The-Anatomy-of-a-Wave
Describe how atoms emit light.
a collision with a moving particle excites the atom
this causes an electron to jump to a higher energy level
the electron falls back into its original energy level, releasing the extra energy in the form of a light photon
From longest to shortest wavelength, identify the seven wavelengths of light energy that make up white light and identify who discovered them.
longest - shortest
red - violet
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
discovered by Isaac Newton
Identify how wavelength is related to photon energy content.
Wavelength is inversely proportional to photon energy content. (i.e. the shorter the wavelength, the more photon energy content and inverse)
Explain why light energy is the form of electromagnetic energy used by autotrophs instead of other forms of electromagnetic energy.
Gamma rays, X-rays, and UV are reflected by the ozone layer; Infrared, micro-waves, and radio waves are reflected by CO2 and H2O vapor; therefore visible light is the most abundant form of electromagnetic radiation striking earth
Explain what three events can occur when light strikes an object.
It can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.
Describe how the color of an object is produced.
The color of an object is not contained within the object; it is the result of the wavelengths of light energy the object reflects and/or transmits!
Why are photosynthetic organisms typically green?
The vast majority of plants absorb every color but green.
Define absorption spectrum.
wavelengths of light energy absorbed by an object
Define photosynthetic pigment molecule and describe how these molecules function in photosynthesis.
Molecules that absorb light energy, Each pigment molecule absorbs specific wavelengths of light energy, ex: "Goldilocks Principle" of absorbing wavelengths that are just right
Identify and describe the characteristics of the following chlorophyll photosynthetic pigment molecule: chlorophyll a
Green pigment, Primary pigment, Absorption spectrum: 380-500 nm, 600-700 nm
Identify and describe the characteristics of the following chlorophyll photosynthetic pigment molecule: chlorophyll b
Green pigment, Accessory pigment, Absorption spectrum: 400-520 nm, 600-700 nm
Identify and describe the characteristics of the following carotenoid photosynthetic pigment molecule: carotenes
Orange pigments, Absorption spectrum, 400-525 nm, Accessory pigments
Identify and describe the characteristics of the following carotenoid photosynthetic pigment molecule: xanthophylls
Yellow pigments, Absorption spectrum, 400-525 nm, Accessory pigments
Identify the purpose and structure of ATP.
the energy supplying molecule of the cell, the only direct source of energy for the cell, Comprised of Adenosine: Adenine - a nitrogenous base, Ribose - a five-carbon sugar
AND three negatively charged phosphate groups
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate
Discussing the relationship of ATP and ADP, describe how energy is stored and released in ATP.
ATP stores energy when the molecule is completely together with all phosphate groups bonded. Energy is released when a bond between phosphates is broken. (specifically between the 2 and 3 phosphate groups); therefore ATP > ADP + Pi + energy
Identify the chemical equation for forming ATP (stored energy)
ADP + P + energy > ATP
Identify the chemical equation for breaking ATP (released energy)
ATP > ADP + P + energy
What is another name for stored energy?
Potential energy
What is another name for released energy?
Kinetic energy
Identify the sources of ATP energy.
Sunlight and nutrient molecules
Identify the characteristics of ATP.
Cells use energy only in the form of ATP
Source of ATP energy: sunlight or nutrient molecules
ATP is NOT a good long term energy storage molecule
Cells do NOT maintain large stockpiles of ATP
Energy stored in 1 glucose molecule is equivalent to the energy content of approximately 100 ATP
Releases appropriate amount of energy for cell activities
Identify the type of work ATP allows the cell to perform.
Chemical work - the building and breaking down of molecules
Transport work - the movement of materials across a cell membrane
Mechanical work - movement of cell structures and their components
What does NADP+ stand for
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Identify the characteristics and function of NADP(+).
Co-enzyme - Functions as a hydrogen ion (H+), electron (e-), and energy shuttle
Identify the chemical equation for building NADPH
[NADP(+) + 2 e- + H(+) + energy] (low energy) > NADPH (high energy)
Describe the relationship of NADP+ and NADPH.
the same as ATP and ADP:
[NADP(+) + 2 e- + H(+) + energy] (low energy) > NADPH (high energy)
AND
NADPH (high energy) > [NADP(+) + 2 e- + H(+) + energy] (low energy)
Identify the location of photosynthetic pigment molecules in a cell.
mesophyll cells > chloroplasts > thylakoid membranes
Define a photosystem and where it operates.
units of protein complexes involved in absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons during photosynthesis; occurs on antenna pigment molecules on thylakoid membrane surface
Describe how a photosystem operates
photon transfers energy to antenna pigment molecules, which transfer energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll, then to the primary electron acceptor via electron transfer, which passes those electrons off to NADP+, which goes on to produce NADPH with the hydrogen it also accepts, then electrons are replaced by H2O>O+2H+2e-
What is the reaction-center chlorophyll molecule of a photosystem?
chlorophyll a
The two photosynthesis reactions are ...
the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Identify the location, reactants and products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid membrane; water, NADP+, ADP + P, light energy; oxygen, energy (ATP and NADPH)
What is the fate of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Oxygen is released and the energy produced is used for light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Identify the fate of the products of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Stroma; CO2, ATP, NADPH; high energy glucose molecule in the form of CH2O
Identify the sources of both glucose and oxygen in the process of photosynthesis.
CO2, H2O, and light energy
Discuss the relationship between photosynthesis and global warming.
Photosynthesis reduces atmospheric CO2: Carbohydrates serve as a sink for CO2, Plants form fossil fuels
More CO2 is being released into atmosphere than can be absorbed by photosynthesis
Deforestation:Reduces CO2 capture by photosynthesis - Forests capture 30-60% more CO2 than grasslands, Origination of 25% of CO2 introduction - Via burning
Define endergonic reaction and give an example.
Reactions that require energy, low energy reactants to high energy products, Ex: photosynthesis
Define exergonic reaction and give an example.
Reactions that release energy, High energy reactants to wow energy products, Ex: cellular respiration
Identify the source of nutrient molecules for both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs acquire nutrient molecules via photosynthesis, Heterotrophs acquire nutrient molecules from environment
Cells need a constant supply of energy for ...
Chemical, Mechanical, and Transport work
Define cellular respiration
Process in which energy is released from nutrient molecules
Identify the basic characteristics of cellular respiration
Carbohydrates are the major source of nutrient energy
Link between solar energy captured by photosynthetic organisms and ATP chemical bond energy used by all organisms
Net exergonic reaction
Releases energy in a step by step, slow controlled process
Continual process
Many different metabolic pathways
Define aerobic cellular respiration metabolic pathway and identify the number of ATP produced by it per glucose molecule.
Requires oxygen (O2), Produces 36 or 38 ATP per glucose molecule
Define anaerobic cellular respiration metabolic pathway and identify the number of ATP produced by it per glucose molecule.
Does not require oxygen (O2), Produces 2 ATP per glucose
Identify the cell organelle which is the site of aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells and describe its structure.
occurs in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells; composed of outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and matrix
Identify the cell organelle which is the site of anaerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
occurs in the cytosol of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Describe the characteristics and roles of NAD+.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Characteristics: Co-enzyme, Functions as a hydrogen ion (H+), electron (e-), and energy shuttle
Role: Endergonic reaction, collects and forms bonds, energy is taken from low to high to acquire ATP, transported into NADH
Describe the characteristics and roles of NADH.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen
Characteristics: Co-enzyme, Functions as a hydrogen ion (H+), electron (e-), and energy shuttle
Role: Exergonic reaction, makes NAD+
Describe the characteristics and roles of FAD.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Characteristics: Co-enzyme, Functions as a hydrogen ion (H+), electron (e-), and energy shuttle
Role: Endergonic reaction, makes FADH2
Describe the characteristics and roles of FADH2.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen (2)
Characteristics: Co-enzyme, Functions as a hydrogen ion (H+), electron (e-), and energy shuttle
Role: Exergonic reaction, makes FAD
Identify the molecular equation for aerobic cellular respiration of a glucose molecule.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 or 38 ATP
Identify the word equation for aerobic cellular respiration of a glucose molecule.
glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy
In order, identify the four metabolic pathways of aerobic cellular respiration.
Glycolysis, Transition reaction, Krebs cycle, Electron transport system
Identify the location of glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Identify the location of Transition reaction and Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
Identify the goals of aerobic cellular respiration and the total number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule.
Release energy, Capture energy in NADH and FADH2, Transfer energy to ATP; 4 ATP
Identify the locations in which ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced, and how many ATP and NADH are produced per stage, in the Glucose ATP Production
Glycolysis - 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Transition Reaction - 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle - 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
ETS - 2NADH:3ATP, 1FADH2:2ATP, so 10 NADH > 30 ATP and 2 FADH2 > 4 ATP = 34 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
What happens to the 62% of energy lost in the release of ATP from a glucose molecule?
It's mostly lost in the form of heat
How many ATP per glucose molecule does a prokaryotic cell receive?
38 ATP
How many ATP per glucose molecule does a eukaryotic cell receive?
36 ATP
Identify the location of Electron Transport System
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
If a cell is capable of both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, what determines if the cell undergoes anaerobic cellular respiration instead of aerobic cellular respiration?
OXYGEN -
Glycolysis, which is the first step in all types of cellular respiration is anaerobic and does not require oxygen. If oxygen is present, the pathway will continue on to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (Aerobic). However, if oxygen is not present, some organisms can undergo fermentation to continually produce ATP (Anaerobic).
During anaerobic cellular respiration, where does the NADH deliver its cargo of two electrons, a hydrogen ion and energy which it acquired from the breakdown of a glucose molecule?
To a Pyruvate Molecule
Describe the process of anaerobic cellular respiration and identify the number of ATP produced.
1 glucose (releasing 2 ATP and 2 NADH) is converted into 2 Pyruvic Acid, which takes the hydrogen and energy from 2 NADH and 2 CO2 and produces Lactic Acid/Lactate or Ethanol/Alcohol
Identify the product that makes Ethyl Alcohol with Anaerobic cellular respiration
yeast
What is another name for anaerobic cellular respiration?
Fermentation
Identify some useful products used by humans which are produced as waste products of anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) carried on by various microorganisms.
Ethanol, Cheese/Yogurt/Soy Sauce, Acetone/Rubbing Alcohol/Vinegar
Describe ethyl alcohol fermentation by yeast cells.
If the electron transport system is unavailable due to lack of oxygen, NADH releases its H+ + 2electrons + energy to a Pyruvate Molecule
Frees NAD+ and produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 as by-products
Has net gain of 2 ATP
Describe lactate (lactic acid) fermentation carried out by human cells.
If the electron transport system is unavailable due to lack of oxygen, NADH releases its H+ + 2electrons + energy to a Pyruvate Molecule
Frees NAD+ and produces lactate as a by-product
Has net gain of 2 ATP
Relate the energy content in one ATP molecule to the energy content in one glucose molecule.
1 Glucose Molecule = Approx. 100 ATP Molecules
1 ATP = 1% of energy of a glucose molecule
Identify the efficiency of lactate fermentation of one glucose molecule.
98% of glucose energy remains in the bonds of lactate molecule, 2% is lost as heat
Identify the cell location where the following occurs and the reactants and products of it: glycolysis.
Occurs = Cytoplasm of Mitochondria
Reactants = Glucose/NAD+/2ATP
Products = 2 Net ATP/NADH/2 Pyruvate
Identify the cell location where the following occurs and the reactants and products of it: transition reaction
Occurs = Inner Membrane Space of Mitochondria Reactants = 2 Pyruvate/2NAD+
Products = 2 Acetyl Groups/2NADH/2 CO2
Identify the cell location where the following occurs and the reactants and products of it: Krebs cycle
Occurs = Mitochondrial Matrix
Reactants = Pyruvate
Products = 2ATP/CO2/NADH/FADH
Identify the cell location where the following occurs and the reactants and products of it: electron transport system
Occurs = Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Reactants = NADH/FADH2/O2
Products = NAD+/H2O/32-34 ATP
Describe how ATP is produced by the electron transport system.
ADP + Pi + Energy = ATP
As electrons pass from complex to complex they power the movement of hydrogen atoms into the inter-membrane space. The number of hydrogen atoms will build up and flow back to the matrix simultaneously powering the production of ATP.
Identify the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration.
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport system
If oxygen is not available, electrons cannot exit the electron transport system
Krebs cycle, transition reaction and electron transport system cease functioning
ATP cannot be produced
Without a constant supply of ATP energy, cell death occurs
Explain why prokaryotic cells produce 38 ATP per glucose molecule that undergoes aerobic cellular respiration whereas eukaryotic cells produce only 36 ATP.
Prokaryotic = Doesn't lose 2 ATP because they don't have a Mitochondria and don't need to transport because takes place in the outer membrane outside the mitochondria so they produce 38 ATP
Eukaryotic = Take 2 ATP to transport into the Mitochondria so they produce 36 Because the active transport of 2 NADH from Glycolysis into Mitochondrion removes 2 ATP
Identify the efficiency of aerobic cellular respiration of one glucose molecule.
Energy released from glucose breakdown = 686 kcal
Energy in 38 ATP (38*7.3 kcal) = 277 kcal
Efficiency = 277/686 kcal = 38%
62% of glucose energy is lost as heat
Define calorie
the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water at 1 degree Celsius
Define a Calorie (kilocalorie)
A dietary calorie that is actually 1000 calories.
Enough calories in 1 Calorie to raise the temperature of 1000g (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius.
Define nutrient molecules.
Food molecules that provide the cell with energy or structural elements.
Define macronutrients and give examples.
Nutrients required in a large amount. (Ex: water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)
Define micronutrients and give examples.
Nutrients required in small amounts. (Ex: vitamins, minerals (in organic elements), potassium)
What are primary energy sources? Give examples.
carbohydrates - 3 Classes: Monosaccharide/Disaccharide/Polysaccharide
What are tertiary energy sources? Give examples.
proteins - Cell Structural, Cell Function
What are secondary energy sources? Give examples.
lipids - Milk/Cheese/Mixed in with muscle/On surface of muscle
Name the three carbohydrate nutrient molecules.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Identify monosaccharides as carbohydrate nutrient molecules and give examples.
Veggies/Honey/Syrup(Very High Energy Molecules)
Identify disaccharides as carbohydrate nutrient molecules and give examples.
Table Sugar/Milk/Fruits/Veggies
Identify polysaccharides as carbohydrate nutrient molecules and give examples.
Starch/Glucose (potatoes)/Bread/Cereal/Glycogen
Identify what type of molecule lipids are and give examples of dietary sources of each.
Lipids = Nutrient Molecules
Dietary Sources:
-Milk (To supply offspring with lipids)
-Cheese
-Vegetable Oil
-Nuts
-Meat mixed in with muscle
What is the calorie content of one gram of fat molecules.
9 Calories(kcals)
What is the calorie content of one gram of carbohydrate molecules.
4 Calories(kcals)
Identify diseases associated with the consumption of excess fat.
Obesity, High Cholesterol, Heart Disease, Hypertension, Atherosclerosis (Arteries Narrow), Stroke
Identify the function of proteins and examples of sources of protein nutrients.
Cell Structure/Cell Function (ex: Milk/Fruit/Veggies/Eggs/Meat)
Describe anorexia nervosa.
Characterized by a distorted body image, with an unwarranted fear of being overweight.
Symptoms include trying to maintain a below-normal weight through starvation or too much exercise.
Define metabolic rate
Measure of individuals energy use. (Changes as activity level changes)
True or False: within the cell nutrient molecules can not be converted from one form to another.
False, nutrient molecules can be converted from one form to another as needed (stored in the form of Lipids)
Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Resting energy use of an awake/active person Average BMR is 70 calories per hour / 1680 per day
Identify variables which influence basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Body Weight, Exercise Habits, Nutrient Habits, Gender, Age, Genetics, Excess calorie energy is stored as fat molecule
Define Body Mass Index (BMI).
A calculation that correlates estimated body fat with risk of illness or death.
Calculate your BMI and using the BMI chart determine the category into which your BMI falls.
Find Height (5 Ft. 7 in.), Find Weight (150 lbs.), Find where they meet on the graph.My BMI = 23.
Explain why we need oxygen to survive.
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport system2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 02 H2O
If oxygen is not available, electrons cannot exit the electron transport system
Krebs cycle, transition reaction and electron transport system cease functioning
ATP cannot be produced
Without a constant supply of ATP energy, cell death occurs
How does bread relate to the sun.
Bread comes from wheat which got its energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
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