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Marieb Skin and Body Membranes Chapter 4

Terms in this set (143)

Epidermis
Outer layer of skin, avascular
5 layers: (outermost to innermost layer) of epidermis
-Stratum Corneum
-Stratum Lucidum (found only in hands and soles of the feet)
-Stratum Granulosum
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum Basale
The 3 Epithelial Tissue Membranes
-Cutaneous
-Serous
-Mucous
What is Cutaneous Membrane?
Skin; covers the surface of the body.
Mucous Membranes
Lines all cavities that open to the outside of the body. (adapted for absorption and secretion)
Serous Membranes
Lines the body cavities that are closed to the exterior; rests on a thin layer of areolar tissue; lines the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium.
Serous Fluid
Clear fluid secreted by cell that allows organs to slide easily across each other without friction.
visceral pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs.
parietal pleura
lines the walls of the cavity surrounding the lungs
visceral pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart.
parietal pericardium
lines the pericardial cavity
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall
Skin
Cutaneous membrane.
Visceral Layer
Covers the outside of the organs in a cavity.
Keratin
Tough, fibrous protein that is found in hair and nails.
Dermis
Strong, stretchy, and functions to bind the body together.
2 layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular layers
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous tissue. Adipose and connective tissue.
Keratinocytes
Cells that produce keratin.
Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of the epidermis; closest to the dermis; adequately nourished; cells are constantly dividing (mitosis)
Stratum Lucidum
A layer of epidermis found ONLY in thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles of the feet. Function is to offer extra protection
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells. Function: protects and waterproofs.
Melanin
A pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black. Produces by melanocytes; located in the stratum basale.
Melanocytes
Epidermal cells that synthesize the pigment melanin, which protect the body from UV light.
Papillary Layer
Upper dermal region; uneven and has projections from its superior (upper) surface called dermal papillae (fingerprints)
Reticular Layer
The deepest skin layer and contains irregularly arranged blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors.
Dermal Papillae
Small peg like extensions of the dermis in to the epidermis (known as fingerprints)
Decubitus Ulcers
Bed sores; caused by constant pressure on an area of skin for a prolonged period of time.
Carotene
An orange-yellow pigment found in orange and yellow and leafy green vegetables.
Hemoglobin
Pigment in red blood cells that are found in the dermis. Crimson color of the hemoglobin flushes through transparent cell layers and gives light-skinned individuals a rosy glow.
Pallor/Blanching
Pale; may signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood-flow to the area.
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin. Usually signifies liver disorder. Excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated, and deposited into body tissues.
Bruise
Black and blue marks on the skin; reveals where blood has escaped circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Clots are called hemotomas.
dermographia
Reddened skin, due to histamine response
Skin Appendages that Orginates in the epidermis:
-Cutaneous glands
-Hair
-Hair Follicles
-Nails
Cutaneous Glands
Glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts (exocrine glands)
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
Sebaceous Glands
Oil glands that are found all over the skin except on the palm and soles of the feet. Sebaceous glands release sebum.
Sebum
Oily substance released from the sebaceous glands; lubricant that keeps the skin soft moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle.
Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands
Found all over the body.
Two types of sweat glands
-Eccrine
-Apocrine
Eccrine Glands
Found all over the body; produce sweat via a duct that opes as a pore. Primarily made up of water, salt, vitamin C, & traces of metabolic wastes.
Function: regulate body temperature.
Apocrine Glands
Found ONLY in the axillary (armpit) and genital area of the body; secretes a milky substance that provides nutrients for bacteria living on the skin. Contains fatty acids and proteins.
Hair
Made up of keratin; produced by the hair follicle; is a flexible epithelial structure; provides protection and insulation. Each hair consists of:
three layers of hair
Medulla- central core
Cortex- bulky middle
Cuticle- outermost layer
Hair Follicles
Compound structures; INNER epidermal sheath is composed of epithelial tissues and forms the hair. OUTER dermal sheath is actual dermal connective tissue and provides blood supply to the matrix.
Arrector Pili
Small bands of smooth muscle that connect to each side of the hair follicle. When these muscles contract, the hair is pulled upright. (Goosebumps)
Nail
A scale-like modification of the epidermis.
Burn
Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV (sunburn), or chemicals.
First-Degree Burn
Only the epidermis is damaged; heals with no special treatment.
Second-Degree Burn
Involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Skin is reddened, painful, and blisters appear.
third degree burn
Destroys the entire thickness of the skin. Burned areas appear gray-white or blackened
Rule of Nines
Divides the body into 11 areas; each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area. Plus an additional area surrounding he genitals representing 1% of the body surface area.
Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis)
An itchy red peeling condition of the skin between the toes resulting from a fungal infection.
Boils/Carbuncles
An inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
Cold Sores
Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by the herpes simplex infection.
Impetigo
Involves pink water-filled raised lesions, usually around the mouth and nose that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by the staphylococcus bacteria.
Psoriasis
Chronic condition characterized by the over production of skin cells. Results on reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry scales that itch burn and crack.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least malignant and most common skin cancer. Stratum basale cells altered so they cannot for keratin and no longer honor the boundary between the epidermis and dermis, Must be surgically removed.
Squamos Cell Carcinoma
Arises from cells in the stratum spinosum and appears as a scaly red papule. Occurs mostly on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands and lower lip. Surgery removal or radiation therapy.
Malignant Melanoma
Cancer of the melanocytes. Accounts for 5% of skin cancers, but is the most deadly.
ABCDE Rule
A- Asymmetry: 2 sides do not match
B- Border- Borders are not smooth
C- Colors- Contains different colors
D- Diameter- Spot is bigger than 6mm (pencil eraser)
E- evolving/elevated
Lamellar/Pacinian Corpuscles
Nerve endings in the skin responsible for deep pressure
Meissner's Corpuscles
Nerve endings in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch.
Bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid
Synovial Membrane
composed of loose areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells.
Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Integument
Simply means "covering".
Acid Mantle
Skin's natural Protection Barrier made of Sebum, Sweat, Water and Lipids; protects from Pathogens and regulating enzymatic functions
Subcutaneous
beneath the skin, containing adipose tissue, connective tissue, vessels, and nerves
Finger Prints
These are a result of the papillary layer...
Lamellar Corpuscles
deep pressure receptors
Cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
is common during heart failure and severe breathing disorders
Pallor
Extreme or unnatural paleness
Bruises
black and blue marks; clotted blood beneath skin
Acne
active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples on the skin
Seborrhea
known as cradle cap
caused by overactivity of sebaceous gland
Sweat Glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
Matrix
Growth Zone
Medulla
the central core of a hair
free edge of nail
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
Nailbed
The portion of a finger or toe covered
by the nail
Nail Matrix
responsible for nail growth
Lunule
an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail
Human Herpesvirus 1
causes cold sores
Contact Dermatitis
An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with certain chemicals or substances; many of these substances are used in cosmetology.
Circulatory Shock
inadequate circulation of blood caused by low blood volume
Fourth-Degree Burns
full thickness burns that extend to muscle or bone. Require surgery and grafting.
Warts
caused by HPV
Skin Cancer
Most common type of cancer. 1 in 5 Americans will get skin cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum
Asymmetry
ABCDE, two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match
Border Irregularity
borders of mole are not smooth
Color
Pigmented spot contains area of different
Diameter(D)
The lesions is larger than 6 millimeters in
Lanugo
A fetus is covered with a downy type of hair called
Vernix Caseosa
cheesy substance covering the skin of the fetus
Milia
Accumulations of hardened sebum beneath the skin are called whiteheads or:
Alopecia
no hair
Male Pattern Baldness
Men becoming obviously bald; genetic
Herpes simplex
virus that causes blisters such as cold sores and fever blisters
dermatitis
inflammation of dermis. Can be due to exposure to chemical, an allergy, or even a skin irritant
varicose veins
swollen and clogged veins in the extremities
Warts
growths on skin caused by HPV transmitted by contact
Eczema
chronic skin condition that causes itchy, scaly rashes
staph infection
Bacterial skin infection caused by staphylococcus
skin biopsy
testing used to determine if abnormal growths are cancerous
patch testing
used to detect whether an allergy is causing skin disorder
skin culture
testing to determine if skin disorder is bacterial, viral, or fungal. done by swabbing area and culturing
the white reaction
caused by the displacement of blood from the small capillaries at the surface of the skin in response to mechanical stimuli
the red reaction
a raised swollen welt due to an allergic reaction caused by a sensitive skin that overproduces histamine in response to stimuli
These membranes line cavities that open to the exterior
mucous membranes
these membranes line cavities that do NOT open to the exterior
serous membranes
subcutaneous tissue
also known as the hypodermis, layer of fat under the skin
Functions of the subcutaneous tissue
1) anchors to underlying tissue
2) insulation
3) long term energy
function of sweat
1) helps dissipate excess heat
2)excrete waste
3) inhibits bacteria growth due to acidic nature
4 main functions of skin
protection, thermoregulation, excretion of urea, synthesizes vitamin D
how does the skin offer mechanical protection
acts as a boundary(physical barrier), keratin toughen cells, and receptors alert nervous system in case of possible damage
how does skin offer chemical damage?
has keratinized cells, has pain receptors which alert the nervous system
how does skin protect from bacterial damage?
has an acid mantle(skin secretions are acidic) and phagocytes ingest foreign substances and prevent pathogens from getting past the skin
how does skin offer protection from UV radiation?
melanin offers this type of protection
how does the skin offer protection from thermal damage(heat/cold)?
hot/cold receptors as well as pain receptors in the skin
how does the skin not dry out(dessication)?
outer layer is waterproof and doesn't let water leak in/out
two point threshold
smallest distance at which 2 points can be felt
tactile localization
the ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched
Why is chemotherapy more effective on cells that divide quickly?
chemotherapy impairs mitosis so if slow dividing/amitotic won't respond to chemotherapy because they are not dividing quickly
MOST common side effects of chemo
1) alopecia
2) decreased rBC, WBC(immosuppresed)
3) inflammation of digestive lining(Mucositis)
5 most common routes of drug administration
inhaled, topical, oral, rectal, injection
What factors must be taken into account when prescribing medications
age, sex, ethnicity, weight, prior health issues, other meds being taken
What is dosage form?
how meds are packaged
what are common dosage forms?
capsule, cream, liquid, ointment, patch, aerosol, chews
most common type of cancer
skin cancer
benign
a growth that is encapsulated and does not spread
malignant
a growth that is not encapsulated and easily metastasized
least malignant and most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
what type of skin cancer shows as a scaly, reddened papule that forms ulcer with raised border
squamous cell carcinoma
what type of skin cancer displays as a waxy bump of nodule
basal cell carcinoma
what type of cancer is the least common but most deadly?
melanoma
ABCDE criteria...what is A
Asymmetry noted in spot on skin
ABCDE criteria...what is
Border Irregularity...is border not smooth
ABCDE criteria...what is C
Is there more than one color evident?
ABCDE criteria...what is D?
is the diameter greater than 6mm(larger than a pencil eraser)?
ABCDE criteria...what is E?
is the spot Evolving or elevated.
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