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Anatomy- skin and body membranes

Terms in this set (36)

Cutaneous Membranes
It is found in the skin and is a dry membrane that is the outermost protective boundary. Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified epithelium. Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue.
Mucous Membranes
Surface epithelium type depends on the where it is: stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus), simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract). It lines the body cavities that open to the exterior body surface. They often adapted for absorption secretion.
Serous Membranes
The surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium. It lines the open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body. They occur in pairs separated by serous fluid (visceral layer covers outside of organ, parietal layer lines some of the wall of a ventral cavity.
Synovial Membranes
It is in connective tissue only and lines fibrous capsules surrounding the joints and secretes a lubricating fluid.
Mechanical damage (bumps)
Chemical damage (acids & bases)
Bacterial damage
Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight)
Thermal damage (heat or cold)
Desiccation (drying out)
physical damage
what does the skin protect against
The skin prevents water loss and aids in body heat loss or heat retention as controlled by the nervous system. It helps excretion of waste and synthesizes vitamin D. It is a sensory organ which means it is the location of cutaneous nerve receptors and relays information regarding touch, heat, pain and pressure to the brain.
What are some of the other functions of skin?
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue is the epidermis?
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
List the layers of the epidermis in order from top to bottom.
Melanocytes are what produce melanin which is the pigment in the skin. They are found in the stratum basale.
What are melanocytes? What do they do?
It is the type of protein in your hair and nails that hardens the upper level of the skin cells to prevent water loss. It makes the skin waterproof
What is keratin? What does it do?
Stratum Basale
forms a border with the dermis
actively divides cells
it contains melanocytes
Stratum Spinosum
the cells are irregularly shaped
have keratinocytes (more keratin)
Stratum Granulosum
cells begin to flatten
accumulate keratin which forms granules
Stratum Lucidum
occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms and soles
formed from dead flattened cells
it is transparent
Stratum Corneum
20-30 layers thick and has flattened cells with keratin
It is made up of collagen and elastic fibers and dense connective tissue.
What is the dermis made up of (type of tissues and fibers)?
skin dries out easier
it is thinner and bruises easier
it has less elasticity, lack of collagen (wrinkles)
loses fat tissue
What happens to your skin as you age?
The blood vessels can either dilate or swell which causes more heat to be carried to the skin. When the vessels shrink down the less heat will be carried to the skin.
How do blood vessels play a role in temperature regulation? What do they do when you are hot? What do they do when you are cold?
Papillary layer (top): dermal papillae, capillary loops, house pain and touch receptors
Reticular Layer (bottom) : blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
What are the two layers of the dermis? What is found in each?
The reticular layer is larger and it is also responsible for white blood cells to prevent bacteria from moving further into the body which causes tension lines in the skin.
Which layer of the dermis is larger? What else is it responsible for?
The reticular layer is larger and it is also responsible for white blood cells to prevent bacteria from moving further into the body which causes tension lines in the skin.
The reticular layer is larger and it is also responsible for white blood cells to prevent bacteria from moving further into the body which causes tension lines in the skin.
Adipose tissue
What is the subcutaneous or hypodermis tissue made up of?
Melanin: yellow, brown or black by melanocytes in the stratum basale
Carotene: yellowish orange from vegetables
Hemoglobin: red from blood cells in the dermal capillaries, amount of oxygen determines extent of color
Skin color is controlled by 3 factors, what are they and what colors do they cause? Where do they each come from?
The sweat glands (sudoriferous) produce sweat all over the body and in two types (eccrine and apocrine). The oil glands (sebaceous) are found all over the body except the palms and soles. They secrete oil and can empty into hair follicles or onto the skin.
What is the difference between oil (Sebaceous) glands and sweat (Sudoriferous) glands? What do each produce? Where are they located?
Eccrine: opens through the duct to pore on skin surface
Apocrine: ducts empty into hair follicles and begin to function at the beginning of puberty
What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? Where are each found? What do they each do?
Oil secreted by sebaceous glands
What is sebum?
It is mainly water, vitamin c, salts, metabolic wastes, proteins, and fatty acids. It helps to dissipate heat, excrete waste and inhibit bacterial growth.
What is the composition of sweat?
Medulla, cortex and cuticle.
What are the parts of the hair follicle?
When the arrector pili muscle contracts it pulls on the hair and the hair stands up. This dimples the skin, causing goosebumps and when the muscle contracts it produces heat.
How does hair and the arrector pili muscle contribute to body temperature regulation? What do they have to do with goosebumps?
epidermis, keratin mainly
What are nails made up of?
They are colorless because of their lack of pigment but blood supply makes them pinkish.
What color are nails? What is the color caused by?
dehydration and infection
What is some of the dangers associated with burns?
It is a way to assess the extent of burns and is used to determine the percentage of the body that is burnt.
What is the rule of nines? How does it work?
1st: only the epidermis is damaged and the skin is red and swollen
2nd: the epidermis and upper dermis are damaged and the skin is red with blisters
3rd: the entire skin layer is destroyed and the burned area is painless because the nerve endings are gone and the edges have pain. The burn is gray-white or black.
Describe the 3 types of burns.
Basal cell carcinoma: is the least malignant, the most common type and arises from stratum basale with no pigmentation and is caused by exposure to uv rays
Squamous cell carcinoma: it metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed but early removal allows a good chance of cure. It is believed to be sun induced and comes from stratum spinosum
Malignant melanoma: is the most deadly of skin cancers and is one of melanocytes. It metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels. the detection of which uses the ABCDE rule. it starts small, forms in shifts, goes to the brain quickly, and grows deep
Describe the three types of skin cancer.
A- asymmetry
B- border irregularity
C- color
D- diameter
E- evolving
What is the ABCDE rule?
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