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Chapter 14: Vocab

Terms in this set (25)

Electrophoresis ​
Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size
Helicase ​during replication
this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
Induced Mutation ​
Mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents
Lagging Strand
​Strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork
Leading Strand ​
Strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork
Ligase ​
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3' OH and 5' phosphate ends of the DNA
Mismatch Repair
​type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication
Mutation ​
Variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
Nucleotide Excision repair
​Type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a ​few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed
Okazaki Fragment ​
DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand
Point Mutation ​
Mutation that affects a single base
Primase ​
enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand
Primer ​
short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides
Proofreading ​
function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one
Replication Fork ​
Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication
Silent Mutation
​mutation that is not expressed
Single-Strand Binding Protein ​
during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates
Sliding Clamp ​
ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand
Spontaneous Mutation ​
mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions ​taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent
Telomerase
​enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends
Telomere ​
DNA at the end of linear chromosomes
Topoisomerase ​
enzyme that causes underwinding or overwinding of
DNA when DNA replication is taking place
Transformation
process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell
Transition Substitution ​
when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine
Transversion Substitution ​
when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine
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