bio exam 1

The tree shows the phylogenetic relationships between living and extinct vertebras. Based on the tree it can be concluded that:
a. Fish (shark and tuna) form a monophyletic group
b. Saurischians are more related to birds than to crocodiles
c. Dimetrodon is the ancestor of mammals (humans and whales).
d. none of the above
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The tree shows the phylogenetic relationships between living and extinct vertebras. Based on the tree it can be concluded that:
a. Fish (shark and tuna) form a monophyletic group
b. Saurischians are more related to birds than to crocodiles
c. Dimetrodon is the ancestor of mammals (humans and whales).
d. none of the above
B. Saurischians are more related to birds than to crocodiles
Biological fitness can be best defined as:
a. a heritable trait that increases the match of an individual to its environment
b. variability in the population for a trait that increases survival
c. competition among individuals for resources that allow them to have more offspring
d. similar reproductive success among individuals in a population
e. the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population
e. the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population
Homolpgs are different versions of:
a. the same chromosomes
b. gametes
c. different genes
d. the same gene
a. the same chromosomes
Which of the following would not apply to a virus like HIV?
a. it contains at least one cell
b. adaptation: population evolves over time
c. order and organization
d. all of them apply, viruses are considered to be alive and defined by criteria discussed in class
e. none of them apply
e. none of them apply
From the events listed below. Please choose the one that occurred the earliest.
a. extinction of dinosaurs
b. evolution of modern humans
c. first evidence of life
d. cambrian explosion
e. initial global rise of oxygen due to photosynthesis
c. first evidence of life
Which of the following scenarios is an example of an advantage of sexual reproduction?
a. heterozygotes can have an advantage
b. detrimental alleles cause a biological fitness disadvantage
c. disease alleles might be removed through meiosis and random fertilization
d. beneficial alleles are always passed down
a. heterozygotes can have an advantage
c. disease alleles might be removed through meiosis and random fertilization
Choose all correct statements regarding the evolution of human skin color.
a. the evolution of light skin in Northern Europe occurred because of relaxed selection: because of less UV radiation (compared to equatorial Africa), light skin did no longer results in a breakdown of folate.
b. the evolution of light skin of people of Northern Europe occurred because of positive selection: lighter skin allows more UV to penetrate the skin, and this is essential for vitamin D production.
c. the evolution of dark skin in equatorial Africa occurred because of negative selection: mutations that change the amino acid sequence of MC1R would result in lower folate levels and therefore lower fitness.
all of the above
Meiosis increases genetic variation because of the following
a. independent assortment
b. crossing over
c. presence of sister chromatids
a. independent assortment
b. crossing over
If you travel north from the equator, what generally happens to the intensity of UV light?
a. the intensity increases
b. the intensity decreases
c. the intensity stays the same
d. it is impossible to predict
b. the intensity decreases
Alleles are different versions of
a. the same chromosomes
b. different chromosomes
c. different genes
d. the same gene
d. the same gene
Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes in that they: a. do not have plasma membrane b. do not use rna c. use a different code to convert dna into protein d. use ribosomes to transcribe mrna e. none of the above is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotese. none of the aboveWho would expect to be the most at risk for developing the bone disease rickets? a. children born to mothers with dark skin, living far from the equator b. adults with dark skin who live close to the equator c. children born to mothers with light skin, living close to the equator d. no answera. children born to mothers with dark skin, living far from the equatorThe above is a skull found in the early 1900s that was said to be an ancestral human. The lower jaw appeared to be more primate-like from modern humans while the upper skull looked similar to modern humans. If this skull were truly from an ancestral human, it is what kind of evidence? a. transitional feature or fossil b. observation of natural selection occurring c. biogeography d. a vestigial traita. transitional feature or fossilWhat is the complete description of the fundamental characteristics of life? a. organisms reproduce, are made of cells, possess genetic info, require energy, and evolve b. organisms replicate, evolve, and require energy c. organisms possess genetic info, replicate, evolve, and are made of cells d. organisms are made of cells and evolvea. organisms reproduce, are made of cells, possess genetic info, require energy, and evolveSickle cell anemia is in humans is caused by mutations in a single gene and is inherited as an autosomal (non-sex chromosome) recessive trait. A normal couple has two children. The first child has the disease, and the second child is unaffected. Given that you know the second's child phenotype, what is the probability that the second child is a carrier (heterozygous) for the mutation that causes the disease? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 2/3 d. 3/4 e. 1c. 2/3In the finch population, what are the primary changes that occur gradually over time? a. the traits of each finch within a population gradually change b. the proportions of finches having different traits within a population change c. mutations occur to meet the needs of the finches as the environment changes d. successful behaviors learned by the finches are passed on to the offspring.b. the proportions of finches having different traits within a population changeHow did the different beak shapes first arise in the Galapagos? a. the changes in the finches' beak size and shape occurred because of their need to be able to eat different kinds of food to survive b. changes in the finches' beaks arose by chance, and when there was a good match between beak shape and available food, those birds had more offspring c. changes in the finches' beaks occurred because the environment induced the desired genetic changes. d. the finches' beaks changed a little bit in size and shape with each successive generation, some getting larger and some getting smallerb. changes in the finches' beaks arose bu chance, and when there was a good match beak shape and available food, those birds had more offspring.Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true? a. always contain the same alleles b. contain the same genes c. occur together in haploid cellsb. contain the same genes