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CH 44-48

Terms in this set (39)

Elephantiasis is an infectious disease in which blockage of the circulatory system by microscopic, parasitic roundworms results in a dramatic swelling of the tissues in the lower half of the body. What region is most likely blocked by these small, thread-like worms?
lymphatic vessels and/or lymph nodes
In a vertebrate with a four-chambered heart, the structure(s) containing blood with the highest O2 concentration is/are the ________.
pulmonary veins
Blood is pumped from the heart into the arterial system, which branches from arteries into fine ________.
arterioles
What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?
the ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss
In birds and mammals, a vestige of the sinus venosus of the fish heart remains as the sinoatrial node, which serves as a(n)
pacemaker
The loudest sounds a nurse hears while listening to a patient's heart through a stethoscope - the"lub" are caused by
closing of the AV valves
The exchange of gases across a respiratory surface always occurs by
diffusion
During an asthma attack, allergens trigger the release of histamine, which causes severe constriction of the ________.
bronchi
Most simple invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding
water
Four-year old Sammy is having a temper-tantrum. In a final attempt to get his way, he yells to his mom, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason that Sammy's mom is unconcerned by this statement?
As Sammy holds his breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain
In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his record-setting, seven Tour de France titles and banned for life from competitive cycling because of his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). One of the PEDs Armstrong was accused of taking is erythropoietin (EPO). Why would systematic use of this PED give Armstrong an unfair advantage in a bike race?
EPO stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow
The liquid portion of blood that contains metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, and a variety of proteins is called the ________.
plasma
The many lamellae in the gills of fish improve respiratory efficiency by ________.
increasing the surface area for diffusion
Changes in the arterial blood pressure are detected by ________ located in the walls of the carotid artery and the arch of the aorta.
baroreceptors
Exchange of gases and metabolites between the blood and tissues occurs in the
capillaries
Dorothy suffered a serious stroke that destroyed neurons in the swallowing center of her brain. This damage to her brain would prevent the smooth muscle contraction known as ________.
peristalsis
In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is
fat in adipose tissue
Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are
both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state
Hypoglycemia occurs when there are low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human. What is a way to "correct" hypoglycemia?
Increase the secretion of glucagon
A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins?
actin and myosin
An animal with a gastrointestinal tract is the ________.
earthworm
The human skeleton is a typical vertebrate
endoskeleton
A skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment is known as a(n)
hydrostatic skeleton
The rate at which an animal consumes energy at rest is called ________
the basal metabolic rate
The islets of Langerhans located in the ________ secrete both insulin and glucagon.
pancreas
The neurotransmitter released from the nerve terminus at the neuromuscular junction is ________
acetylcholine
After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit their dietary intake of
fat
All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct EXCEPT
exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch
A muscle fiber contracts by a sequence of events initiated by the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor. Which of the following is the correct sequence?I-The calcium-troponin complex pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites of actin.II-The freed-sites of actin bind to myosin to form cross bridges.III-Calcium ion binds to the troponin.
III, I, and II
In what way are vitamins and essential amino acids similar in human metabolism?
They cannot be synthesized and must be ingested
A baby is born without the ability to make chief cells. What would be the best type of diet for this baby?
a diet low in protein
Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size?
myofilaments
Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of
rabbits and rodents
Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a
crop
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
glucagon
The fat-soluble vitamins include
vitamin A
Bile salts
emulsify fats in the duodenum
The vertebrate digestive system consists of
a two-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and accessory organs
What is a primary function of the hormone calcitonin?
inhibits loss of calcium from bone
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