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PSYC101 - Chapter 10

Terms in this set (64)

______ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Freud defined ______ as anything that delivered organ pleasure.
sex
Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?

1) B. F. Skinner
2) Abraham Maslow
3) Carl Rogers
4) Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud's personality structure, the _____ is the harsh internal judge of our behavior.

1) superego
2) consciousness
3) id
4) ego
superego
Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.

1) reflexive
2) conscious
3) deliberate
4) unconscious
unconscious
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what?

1) Cognition
2) Psychoanalysis
3) Archetype
4) Personality
Personality
In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.

1) denial
2) regression
3) sublimation
4) rationalization
denial
To Freud, _____ was considered sex.

1) intercourse only
2) physical intimacy only
3) anything pleasurable
anything pleasurable
The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable ______ impulses back into the unconscious mind.
id
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?

1) Humanism
2) Psychoanalytic theory
3) The social cognitive perspective
4) Behaviorism
Psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud?

1) Genital
2) Anal
3) Unconscious
4) Oral
Unconscious
According to the personality structure proposed by Freud, the _____ judges whether behavior is morally right or wrong, the _____ determines what is possible, and the _____ determines what would be pleasurable.

1) id; ego; superego
2) superego; ego; id
3) ego; superego; id
4) superego; id; ego
superego; ego; id
A boy notices that his sister does not have a penis and begins to worry that his penis will fall off. This is most likely to occur during which stage of development?

1) Latent
2) Oral
3) Anal
4) Phallic
Phallic
What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

1) To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
2) To prevent fixations in Freud's stages of development
3) To allow the superego to mediate between the id and ego
4) To enable the superego to develop more effectively
To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
According to Freud, a fixation occurs when what happens?

1) Defense mechanisms are used in an unhealthy manner.
2) The ego is unable to mediate between the id and superego.
3) A boy experiences an Oedipus complex.
4) A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
Our most primitive defense mechanism is called _____.

1) denial
2) reaction formation
3) displacement
4) repression
denial
Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.

1) projection
2) sublimation
3) repression
4) reaction formation
repression
_____ viewed psychological health as allowing the person to express their talents and abilities freely and spontaneously.

1) Jung
2) Freud
3) Maslow
4) Horney
Horney
Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud?

1) Anal
2) Archetypal
3) Phallic
4) Subliminal
5) Oral
Anal
Phallic
Oral
Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.

1) humanistic
2) personological
3) archetypal
4) individual
individual
According to Freud, to reduce the conflict of castration anxiety, a boy identifies with his _____.

1) father
2) sister
3) mother
4) brother
father
According to Adler, we all experience some kind of _____ or weakness that drives us to compensate.

1) archetype
2) inferiority
3) fixation
4) personology
inferiority
Freud felt that an individual might become stuck in a stage of psychosexual development if that person received too much or too little gratification during that stage. This is known as a(n) _____.

1) defense mechanism
2) fixation
3) archetype
4) complex
fixation
Some critics state that psychodynamic theory overemphasizes _____ and does not acknowledge the capacity for change throughout life.

1) conscious thought
2) individual choices
3) early family experiences
early family experiences
In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.
Multiple choice question.
sublimation
rationalization
denial
regression
denial
The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called which of the following?

1) Humanistic psychology
2) Behavioral psychology
3) Psychodynamic psychology
4) Individual psychology
Humanistic psychology
Which of the following did Horney believe played a role in the gender differences in personality development?

1) society's unfairness to women
2) women's penis envy
3) women's lack a superego
society's unfairness to women
Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?

1) Jung
2) Adler
3) Freud
4) Horney
Adler
Self-______ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
actualization
Adler's term for the individual's attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities is _____.

1) sublimation
2) compensation
3) social interest
4) repression
compensation
Unconditional positive regard is the term that _____ used for being valued, accepted, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior.

1) Adler
2) Freud
3) Rogers
4) Maslow
Rogers
Which of the following are criticisms that have been levied against the psychodynamic theorists?

1) They overestimate people's capacity for change throughout life.
2) They place too much emphasis on early life experiences.
3) Some of their concepts are difficult to test through empirical research.
4) They ignore the role of the unconscious in shaping personality.
Some of their concepts are difficult to test through empirical research.
They place too much emphasis on early life experiences.
What is Rogers's term for standards we need to live up to in order to gain positive regard from others?

1) unconditional positive regard
2) self-actualization
3) humanistic standards
4) conditions of worth
conditions of worth
Which approach to personality emphasizes a desire to achieve higher levels of functioning?

1) Behaviorist
2) Trait
3) Psychodynamic
4) Humanistic
Humanistic
The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.

1) behaviorist
2) humanistic
3) trait
4) psychoanalytic
trait
_____ viewed psychological health as allowing the person to express their talents and abilities freely and spontaneously.

1) Horney
2) Freud
3) Jung
4) Maslow
Horney
A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?

1) Openness to experience
2) Conscientiousness
3) Agreeableness
4) Extraversion
5) Neuroticism
Agreeableness
Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?

1) humanism
2) psychodynamism
3) behaviorism
4) self-actualization
self-actualization
Whereas states are brief experiences, _____ are enduring characteristics that show who you generally are.

1) feelings
2) traits
3) personalities
4) moods
traits
What is Rogers's term for being valued and accepted regardless of one's behavior?

1) unconditional positive regard
2) achievement of self-actualization
3) condition of worth
4) humanism
unconditional positive regard
A _____ theorist is not interested in broad traits but instead looks at how more specific factors, such as beliefs, relate to behavior and performance.

1) social cognitive
2) humanistic
3) Jungian
4) psychodynamic
social cognitive
When parents give their child positive regard only when the child performs well on the soccer field, they are setting a _____ for their child.

1) condition of positive regard
2) condition of worth
3) humanistic approach
condition of worth
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?

1) Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
2) Repeatedly over time but always in the same situation
3) Occasionally, when people are relaxed
Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
Bandura felt that personality is shaped by the interactions between a person's thoughts, behaviors, and environment. What term did he use to describe this concept?

1) Reciprocal effects
2) Interactionist determinism
3) Reciprocal determinism
4) Mutual determinism
Reciprocal determinism
A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits?

1) Openness to experience
2) Conscientiousness
3) Neuroticism
4) Extraversion
5) Agreeableness
Openness to experience
_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior.

1) Knowledge acquisition
2) Observational learning
3) Direct learning
4) Projective learning
Observational learning
Traits are enduring personality characteristics, whereas ______ are briefer experiences (such as being in a bad mood).
states
Psychologists refer to the sense of behavioral control that comes from within a person as _____.

1) an external locus of control
2) self-efficacy
3) reciprocal determinism
4) an internal locus of control
an internal locus of control
Social cognitive perspectives on personality differ from behaviorism by placing greater emphasis on which of the following?

1) The importance of early life events
2) The role of reinforcement and punishment
3) How people interpret their situations
4) The role of the unconscious
How people interpret their situations
According to the social cognitive approach, the belief that you have the ability to accomplish a goal is called ______-______ .
Self
efficacy
The most commonly used method of measuring personality is the self-______ test.
report
Bandura used the term ______ ______ to describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality.
reciprocal
determinism
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test.

1) projective
2) Rorschach
3) TAT
4) self-report
projective
Observational learning occurs when _____.

1) an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
2) an individual's behavior is immediately followed by reward or punishment
3) an individual learns not to respond
4) an individual knows what to expect based on what just happened
an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
Social cognitive theories emphasize that we can regulate our own behavior, despite a changing environment. This represents which concept?

1) observational learning
2) modeling
3) personal control
4) consistency
personal control
_____ researchers prefer to use projective techniques and case studies.

1) Social cognitive
2) Life story
3) Trait perspective
4) Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic
Based on your performance on the first exam, you are confident that you will do well in this class. In other words, you are experiencing a high level of _____.

1) anxiety
2) personal satisfaction
3) self-esteem
4) self-efficacy
self-efficacy
True or false: Trait perspective researchers use brain imaging.
False
During a job interview, you are asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how happy you are. What type of test is the interviewer giving you?

1) Self-report
2) Behavioral
3) Rorschach
4) Projective
Self-report
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a(n) ______ test.
projective
_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior.

1) Knowledge acquisition
2) Direct learning
3) Observational learning
4) Projective learning
Observational learning
Typical assessment methods used by psychodynamic researchers include ______ studies and projective techniques.
case
Trait perspective researchers use which of the following to assess personalities? (Select all that apply.)

1) Interviews
2) Projective tests
3) Observations
4) Questionnaires
Observations
Questionnaires
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test.

1) Rorschach
2) TAT
3) self-report
4) projective
projective
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