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Transcendentalists

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intellectual movement rooted in religious soil of New England Transcendentalists turned to the romantics in Europe for inspiration. Many Transcendentalists believed in the importance of nature and degraded materialism. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. Transcendentalism greatly influenced modern American Literature.

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The courts ruled that the states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; federal government is supreme to the states (supremacy clause); confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States (elastic clause).

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Resulted in more cotton production and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields.

Monroe Doctrine

Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Nativism

Native-born Americans who wanted to slow or stop immigration. Partially racism. Some argued that the new immigrants were inferior to the Americans. Some viewed immigrants with contempt as they viewed blacks and indians. Their evidence for claims were the slums in which they lived
Originally: Order of the Star Spangled Banner
Nativists rally for political action
Wanted rigid restrictions on immigration
Deportation of alien poor
Attacked Catholic schools
Feared more heterogeneous society
Ethnocentrist

Gibbons v Ogden

Suit over whether New York could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Manifest Destiny

19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent. used to justify the war with Mexico

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society. Popular in the Mid-19th Century, caused women's rights movements.

Railroads

Inventors also used a steam engine to revolutionize railroads. They created a way to self-propel a train along a track.
By 1840, railroad lines crisscrossed America. To this point it was virtually the fastest way to travel.
The trains could carry many more people and a much larger and heavier amount of goods faster than ever.
The most important rail line was New York Central which ran parallel to the Erie Canal.

The Second Great Awakening

It was a revival of strong religious feelings.
Charles Finney was a famous preacher.
Methodists, Baptists, and other protestant groups held outdoor services to convert the masses, borrowing tactics of mass politics.
It emphasized the ability of each person to achieve salvation.
New protestant groups like the Mormons appeared.
These groups saw social reform as part of God's plan, and focused on reforming and repairing moral injustices.
It stirred the reform movements to end slavery, reform prisons, and ban alcoholic beverages.

New Political Age

The two-party system reemerged by 1832
Democrats - led by Andrew Jackson
National Republicans/Whigs - led by Henry Clay
These two parties disagreed on the following:
The role & powers of the federal gov.
Specifically:
The national bank
Tariffs
Federally-funded internal improvements (e.g. railroads/canals)

John Quincy Adams: Statesman

Skillful diplomat and negotiator
Rush-Bagot Treaty
Limited boats on the Great Lakes between Britain and the US
Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain ceded Florida if US stayed out of TX

President Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory"

He personified the new West
He saw the federal government as a haven for wealth that was detached from common folks
Like Jefferson, he sought to reduce role of fed gov in favor of states' rights
He hated Clay's American System
He was a strong unionist & nationalist; he believed in federal supremacy over the states
He believed in a strong presidency; he defied will of Congress and Supreme Court
He employed the veto 12 times (his 6 predecessors combined only used the veto 10 times)
Opponents condemned him as "King Andrew" for his perceived abuse of power

Tariff of Abominations

"Sectionalism" -->U.S is no longer united, but divided into Northerners or Southerners
Favored North > Hurt South
An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto.
Also called Tariff of 1828
raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South (favored manufacturing in the North because it put a high tax on imported goods)

Tariff of 1832 --> failed to ease tensions; South Carolina nullified the tariffs
Jackson wisely viewed nullification as a serious threat to the Union
Had Congress authorize a Force Bill
Troops sent in to enforce tariffs
However, S. Carolina nullified the Force Bill

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