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Final Exam

Terms in this set (145)

"Theory of Mind" refers to the knowledge that people think and have private experiences. Individuals with what disorder lack a brain module for theory of mind?
a) Bipolar I
b) PTSD
c) Autism
d) OCD
c) Autism
Which of the following factors may alter our state of consciousness?
a) Drugs
b) Fatigue
c) Meditation
d) All of these
d) All of these
Sleep is a state during which we are fully unconscious.
True or False
False
Jerry is filing for divorce. Lately, he is also having trouble at his job. Prior to these problems, he did not experience any sleep disorder, but, these days, he find it extremely hard to fall asleep. Which of the following disorders is he most likely suffering from?
a) Sleep Apnea
b) Narcolepsy
c) Insomnia
d) Schizophrenia
c) Insomnia
"Somnambulism" is a term used to describe what?
a) Sleep walking
b) Sleep talking
c) Night terrors
d) Sleep Apnea
a) Sleep walking
Gary wakes up and tells his wife, "You won't believe what I dreamed. I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" Gary explains his dream to Gina, a psychodynamic therapist. She tells him that his dream is about not being able to pay his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of Gary's dream?
a) The briefcases the men were carrying.
b) Gary's concern over monthly bills.
c) The horses.
d) Gina's plan to help Gary.
b) Gary's concern over monthly bills.
Relaxed wakefulness is associated with what type of waves?
a) Alpha
b) Beta
c) Theta
d) Delta
a) Alpha
Which of the following is considered to be the deepest stage of sleep that we experience?
a) N-1
b) N-2
c) N-3
d) REM
c) N-3
During which stage of sleep does dreaming occur?
a) N-1
b) N-2
c) N-3
d) REM
d) REM
How many cycles of sleep do humans typically go through each night?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7
c) 5
A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it became clear that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are
a) governed by circadian rhythms.
b) determined by subconscious expectations.
c) controlled by daily lunar cycles.
d) correlated with lunar rotation.
a) governed by circadian rhythms.
Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that his windows are growing tentacles that are threatening to strangle him. Luke is most likely taking
a) alcohol.
b) ecstasy.
c) crack.
d) LSD.
d) LSD.
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect is referred to as
a) dependence.
b) tolerance.
c) fixation.
d) withdrawal.
b) tolerance.
Xanax falls under which class of drugs?
a) Depressants
b) Stimulants
c) Hallucinogens
a) Depressants
Psychoactive drugs increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain's reward pathways?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Glutamate
c) GABA
d) Dopamine
d) Dopamine
Celia fails to figure out the solution to a puzzle given by her friend. However, on her drive home, she figures out the solution to the puzzle even though she wasn't thinking about the puzzle. In this scenario, Celia is demonstrating the altered state of consciousness called
a) metacognition
b) incubation.
c) awareness.
d) unconsciousness.
b) incubation.
Classical conditioning helps explain involuntary behavior, whereas operant conditioning helps explain voluntary behavior.
True or False
True
______________ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
a) Vestibular correction
b) Behavioral deprivation
c) Behavior modification
d) Sensory Adaptation
c) Behavior modification
June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result. This causes her to gag at the sight of any Indian food. June's reaction to Indian food best illustrates the concept of _______ in classical conditioning.
a) preparedness
b) renewal
c) discrimination
d) generalization
d) generalization
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the
a) unconditioned response.
b) conditioned response.
c) unconditioned stimulus.
d) conditioned stimulus.
a) unconditioned response.
Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of ________ in operant conditioning.
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
c) positive punishment
A rat is kept in a cage containing an electric floor that administers a slight shock with every step taken. The rat realizes that pressing a lever temporarily stops the electric current running through the floor, providing relief from the shocks. As a result, the rate continues to press the lever every time it is placed in the box. This is an example of __________ in operant conditioning.
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
b) negative reinforcement
After an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes (e.g., " No matter what I do, nothing works."). This results in a phenomenon known as
a) futile reinforcement.
b) futile punishment.
c) helpless conditioning.
d) learned helplessness.
d) learned helplessness.
Applied behavior analysis is
a) the use of psychoanalytic principles to explain behavior.
b) the use of evolutionary ideas to explain specific human behaviors.
c) the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
d) the use of altruistic tendencies to predict human behavior.
c) the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?
a) The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
b) The dog's salivation in response to the bell was an unconditioned response.
c) The bell was a conditioned stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
d) The dog's salivation in response to to then meat powder was a conditioned response.
a) The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?
a) They produce a response without prior learning.
b) They are previously neutral stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
c) They are neutral stimuli that cause synesthesia.
d) They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.
a) They produce a response without prior learning.
As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) ________ experiment.
a) positive reinforcement
b) habituation
c) aversive conditioning
d) avoidance learning
c) aversive conditioning
A process that makes an observer more likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model rewarded is called ________ in observational learning.
a) negative punishment
b) vicarious reinforcement
c) vicarious punishment
d) negative reinforcement
b) vicarious reinforcement
In operant conditioning, organisms learn
a) the association between a behavior and a consequence.
b) that conditioned stimuli cause unconditioned stimuli.
c) by exclusively relying on mental processes.
d) to act by imitating others.
a) the association between a behavior and a consequence.
In operant conditioning, _________ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
a) extinction
b) acquisition
c) discrimination
d) preparedness
a) extinction
Elementary school students are rewarded with a sparkling stickler for every 5 homework assignments they turn in. They are most likely functioning on a _______ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.
a) variable-interval
b) fixed-interval
c) fixed-ratio
d) variable-ratio
c) fixed-ratio
Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives when he cries is a
a) primary reinforcer.
b) secondary reinforcer.
c) positive punisher.
d) negative punisher.
a) primary reinforcer.
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?
a) Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.
b) Sven does not have good coordination skills, but he continues to learn how to play tennis.
c) Jennifer has always been bad at math but still believes she can do well in math in college.
d) Madison has failed her chemistry test, so she has decided to work harder from now on.
a) Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.
Which of the following is not one of the four processes of observational learning?
a) Attention
b) Retention
c) Motor reproduction
d) Punishment
d) Punishment
Which of the following is not one of the three phases of memory?
a) Encoding
b) Storage
c) Rehearsal
d) Retrieval
c) Rehearsal
Jane loves to read. However, she remembers the plot of the books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences. When she cannot associate a story with her own life, she is unable to recall it at a later stage. In this scenario, Jane is primarily relying on the process of _______ to encode her memories.
a) divided attention
b) self-reference
c) serial positioning
d) shallow processing
b) self-reference
Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory.
a) Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information.
b) The more elaborate the processing of a stimulus, the weaker the memory will be.
c) Deep, elaborate processing weakens the process of remembering.
d) The process of elaboration is evident only in the mental activity of the brain.
a) Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information.
The dual-code hypothesis purports that words are more easily remembered than pictures.
True or False
False
Which equation accurately represents the capacity of our short-term memory?
a) 7 + 4/ 7 - 4
b) 7 + 2/ 7 - 2
c) 5 + 2/ 5 - 2
d) 5 + 1/ 5 - 1
b) 7 + 2/ 7 - 2
Which of the following is not a component of Baddeley's theory of working memory?
a) Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
b) Mental Blackboard
c) Phonological Loop
d) Central Executive
b) Mental Blackboard
After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order. Harold most likely used his ______ to recite these digits.
a) procedural memory
b) sensory memory
c) long-term memory
d) short-term memory
d) short-term memory
A schema refers to
a) a preexisting mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information.
b) a collection of connected neurons that make up a memory.
c) the formation of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
d) the retention of information or experience over time.
a) a preexisting mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information.
David's roommate, Ryan, asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams. Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory, David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study _______.
a) in his apartment, alone.
b) in the library with his friends.
c) quietly in the classroom in which he is going to take the exam.
d) outside, in the pavilion near the basketball court.
c) quietly in the classroom in which he is going to take the exam.
Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____.
a) recency effect; primacy effect
b) primacy effect; recency effect
c) flashbulb memory effect; meta memory effect
d) meta memory effect; flashbulb memory effect
b) primacy effect; recency effect
Jillian, a flight attendant, is fluent in German. Ever since she has learned Dutch, Jillian finds it difficult to remember German words and phrases. In this scenario, Jillian's failure to retrieve German words and phrases is most likely caused by
a) absentmindedness.
b) retroactive interference.
c) proactive interference.
d) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
b) retroactive interference.
Multiple choice questions are classified as _______ tasks, whereas essay questions are classified as _______ tasks.
a) recognition/recall
b) recall/recognition
c) exam/elaborate
d) elaborate/exam
a) recognition/recall
Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain event that took place when she was five years old. It was the day her father had come home for the first time in two years. She remembers running toward him as he walked in through the door wearing army overalls. Though this memory is from long ago, this image of her father is very strong in her mind. In the context of memory formation, Sierra's memory of her father can best be categorized as a(n)
a) flashbulb memory.
b) false memory.
c) implicit memory.
d) semantic memory.
a) flashbulb memory.
Give an example of positive punishment and explain why it is classified as such.
Giving a child a spanking whenever they hit their sibling. It is positive punishment because the child is being given something in order to stop a behavior.
Identify and explain the two types of amnesia.
Anterograde- inability to store new memories
Retrograde- forgetting old memories
Identify the approximate duration of short term memory (according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory) and state one strategy we can utilize to improve it.
30 seconds, chunking
Jen and Jack are seated in the same row in an airplane but across the aisle from each other. If the information they exchange across the aisle represents the neural impulse between neurons, and Jen and Jack represent different neurons, the aisle most likely represents the _____.
a) axon.
b) cell body.
c) synapse.
d) interneurons.
c) synapse.
Lolita, a nine-year-old girl, had an accident that caused a head injury. Part of her cerebellum was damaged, and she had difficulty in moving her arms and legs. However, in a few months, her movements started improving. Her doctor told her parents that she was likely to make complete recovery as her brain was forming new neural networks to facilitate movement. In the context of the characteristics of the nervous system, the doctor was referring to the brain's
a) polarity.
b) autoimmunity.
c) plasticity.
d) permeability.
c) plasticity.
Which of the following parts of the brain plays an integral role in memory formation/ retrieval?
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Amygdala
d) Hippocampus
d) Hippocampus
Which of the following parts of the brain plays an integral roll in emotional/fear reactions?
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Amygdala
d) Hippocampus
c) Amygdala
In the context of the organization of the brain, thinking and planning are mediated by the ______ in the brain.
a) hippocampus
b) cerebral cortex
c) amygdala
d) somatosensory cortex
b) cerebral cortex
The ______ is responsible for keeping the body's vital functions (e.g., heartbeat, breathing) in check.
a) substantia nigra
b) medulla
c) cerebellum
d) amygdala
b) medulla
Which of the following plays an integral role in regulating growth of the human body?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Pituitary gland
c) Ovaries/Testes
d) Pancreas
b) Pituitary gland
Which of the following statements is true according to the dominant-recessive genes principle?
a) A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are recessive.
b) Genotype of an individual changes according to the changes in the individual's phenotype.
c) In a gene pair, the dominant gene helps the recessive gene express its instructions.
d) A genotype is an individual's observable characteristics.
a) A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are recessive.
The membrane of a resting neuron is said to be
a) deconcentrated.
b) depolarized.
c) concentrated.
d) polarized.
d) polarized.
The difference between glutamate and gamma aminobutyric (GABA) is that glutamate
a) excites neurons to fire, whereas GABA inhibits neurons from firing.
b) stimulates the release of glial cells, whereas GABA inhibits the release of glial cells.
c) produces neurotransmitters, whereas GABA breaks down neurotransmitters.
d) causes neurons to change structurally, whereas GABA causes neurons to change chemically.
a) excites neurons to fire, whereas GABA inhibits neurons from firing.
Which of the following is a true statements about dendrites?
a) They encase and insulate most axons.
b) They are treelike fibers projecting from a neuron.
c) They contain a nucleus of a neuron.
d) They direct the manufacture of substances required for growth of neurons.
b) They are treelike fibers projecting from a neuron.
The term ______ refers to the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron.
a) depolarized potential
b) resting potential
c) action potential
d) discharge potential
b) resting potential
Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and are involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron are known as
a) synaptic vesicles.
b) glial cells.
c) neurotransmitters.
d) ions.
c) neurotransmitters.
Molly's natural hair color is brown but she dyes it blonde. In the context of genes and the environment, Molly 's brown hair is an example of
a) phenotype
b) genotype
c) genetic code
d) phylogeny
a) phenotype
What nerves bring information to the central nervous system? And what nerves bring information out of the central nervous system to other parts of the body?
1. Afferent
2. Efferent
Donny suffered a stroke a few years ago. For many months, he was unable to coordinate his movements making it impossible for him to even stand up. Since then, he has been walking in a jerky, uncoordinated manner. In this scenario, Donny's symptoms after the stroke are most likely due to damage to his
a) forebrain.
b) cerebellum.
c) medulla.
d) midbrain.
b) cerebellum.
Which condition is associated with a deficiency in dopamine levels?
a) Alzheimer's
b) Schizophrenia
c) Parkinson's
d) Multiple Sclerosis
c) Parkinson's
Which condition is associated with a deficiency in acetylcholine levels?
a) Alzheimer's
b) Schizophrenia
c) Parkinson's
d) Multiple Sclerosis
a) Alzheimer's
Which condition is associated with a breakdown of the myelin sheath?
a) Alzheimer's
b) Schizophrenia
c) Parkinson's
d) Multiple Sclerosis
d) Multiple Sclerosis
Decreased levels of serotonin are most often associated with psychotic disorders.
True or False
False
Which technique is used to create "virtual lesions" in the brain?
a) TMS
b) CT scan
c) PET scan
d) fMRI
a) TMS
The large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the
a) basal ganglia.
b) thalamus.
c) corpus callosum.
d) corpus cortex.
c) corpus callosum.
Which of the following are "natural opiates" that mediate feelings of pleasure and pain?
a) Serotonin
b) Neurotransmitters
c) Oxytocin
d) Endorphins
d) Endorphins
What can be considered the raw materials of experience? And what is the experience itself called?
1. Sensation
2. Perception
Found in primates, these play a significant role in the observation/imitation of behavior.
a) motor neurons
b) mirror neurons
c) glial cells
d) copy neurons
b) mirror neurons
_______ is responsible for the detection of light.
a) Mechanoreception
b) Chemoreception
c) Photoreception
d) Thermoreception
c) Photoreception
Michael, a famous musician, is designing a new apartment that will serve as both his residence and his recording studio. Since the music studio shares a wall with his bedroom, Michael wants to be sure that the recording studio is soundproof. This means that Michael wants to be sure that sound from the studio is well under his _____ while he is in his bedroom.
a) total threshold
b) difference threshold
c) absolute threshold
d) minimum threshold
c) absolute threshold
What is the alternate term used to describe a difference threshold?
a) Just Noticeable Difference
b) Differentiation Level
c) Barely Noticeable Difference
d) Conscious Difference Level
a) Just Noticeable Difference
Weber's Law states that "to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum amount."
True or False
False
George states that he heard a bell ring, but no sound was present. According to signal detection theory, this is an example of a
a) hit.
b) miss.
c) false alarm.
d) correct rejection.
c) false alarm.
A person attempts to name the ink colors of words that are presented, but the words themselves spell out a different color than the ink they are written in. This is a test designed to access what phenomenon?
a) Loop Effect
b) Reprocessing effect
c) Distractor effect
d) Stroop effect
d) Stroop effect
In the movie "A Quiet Place," the creatures are unable to hear/locate John Krasinski and his family when they talk near a waterfall. What concept is at play?
a) Perceptual Set
b) Sensory Adaptation
c) Failure of Selection
d) Information Acquisition
b) Sensory Adaptation
Rods are sensitive to light but not color.
True or False
Cones are used for color perception and operate best under bright light.
True or False
1. True
2. True
The ______ is located at the center of the retina, contains only cones, and is important to many visual tasks.
a) sclera
b) pupil
c) iris
d) fovea
d) fovea
George is looking at the colors on a paint swatch card to select the right shade of red for his wall. He is able to differentiate between the various shades of red on the card and makes a quick decision. His perception of the differences in the shades can be attributed to the _____ of light reflecting from the shades.
a) wavelengths
b) timbre
c) frequency
d) gradients
a) wavelengths
The Trichromatic Theory of color vision purports that there are three types of color receptors. The incline all of the following except
a) red
b) green
c) yellow
d) blue
c) yellow
The Opponent Process Theory makes up for the Trichromatic Theory's inability to explain
a) refraction.
b) reflection.
c) afterimages.
d) blurry vision.
c) afterimages.
Which of the following is not a Gestalt principle of visual perception?
a) Figure-Ground relationship
b) Closure
c) Proximity
d) Difference
d) Difference
Which of the following is not a monocular cue when it comes to visual perception?
a) Disparity
b) Familiar size
c) Linear Prospective
d) Texture gradients
a) Disparity
The eardrum is located in which part of the ear?
a) Outer
b) Middle
c) Ear
b) Middle
The basilar membrane is located within the
a) eardrum.
b) pinna.
c) cochlea.
d) auditory canal.
c) cochlea.
_______ Theory proposes that the perception of a sound depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
a) Place
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Firing
b) Frequency
Kinesthetic senses work in tandem with ______ senses in order to coordinate proprioceptive feedback.
a) vestibular
b) cutaneous
c) chemical
d) auditory
a) vestibular
Identify the true statement about pain receptors.
a) They generally have a much higher threshold for firing.
b) They have a much lower threshold for firing than receptors for touch.
c) They are present only in muscle fibers and joints.
d) They differ anatomically for different physical stimuli.
a) They generally have a much higher threshold for firing.
Neurons are incapable of firing unless they meet or exceed a specific threshold. What is the name for this phenomenon?
all-or-nothing principle
Describe the phenomenon/condition known as synesthesia.
when an experience from one sense influences another one
Explain the difference between fast and slow pain pathways.
Slow pathways are for not as bad pain and have an aching or throbbing feel to them.
Fast pathways have a sharp pain and happen when you get stabbed or something along those lines.
Explain the difference between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia.
Broca's deals with broken speech and production, while Wernicke's deals with the struggle of comprehension.
Who established the first psychology lab?
a) William James
b) Wilhelm Wundt
c) Edward Titchener
d) John Watson
b) Wilhelm Wundt
Who founded the term structuralism?
a) William James
b) Wilhelm Wundt
c) Edward Titchener
d) B.F. Skinner
c) Edward Titchener
In the field of psychology, researchers who advocate functionalism are most likely to
a) see the mind as flexible and fluid.
b) focus on identifying the structures of the human mind.
c) use introspection in research.
d) study people's conscious reflection.
a) see the mind as flexible and fluid.
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between structuralism and functionalism in early psychology?
a) Functionalism focused on elements of the mind; structuralism focused on the purpose of thoughts.
b) Functionalism focused on functions of of the mind; structuralism focused on the functions of behavior.
c) Functionalism relied on introspection; structuralism relied on stream of consciousness.
d) Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind; structuralism was about the "what" of the mind.
d) Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind; structuralism was about the "what" of the mind.
A therapist asks a client about their childhood experiences to determine some potential underlying reasons for their current presenting concerns. This therapist is using a technique aligned with the ______ approach to psychology.
a) humanistic
b) cognitive
c) psychodynamic
d) behavioral
e) sociocultural
c) psychodynamic
A therapist ask a client about the thoughts they experienced prior to engaging in some recent self-harming behavior. This therapist is using a technique aligned with the ______ approach to psychology.
a) humanistic
b) cognitive
c) psychodynamic
d) behavioral
e) sociocultural
b) cognitive
A therapist ask a client about some of their personal strengths and accomplishments to address feelings of hopelessness. This therapist is using a technique aligned with the _______ approach to psychology.
a) humanistic
b) cognitive
c) psychodynamic
d) behavioral
e) sociocultural
a) humanistic
Ted is curious to discover differences in forgetfulness between people with ADHD and those without. Ted is most likely a(n)
a) evolutionary psychologist.
b) cognitive psychologist.
c) biological psychologist.
d) industrial/organizational psychologist.
b) cognitive psychologist.
Daroon is hired by JP Morgan to determine what kind of employees and workplace behaviors will help the company function most effectively. Daroon is most likely a(n)
a) cognitive psychologist.
b) clinical psychologist.
c) industrial/organizational psychologist.
d) social psychologist
c) industrial/organizational psychologist.
All of the following were notable behaviorists except
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John Watson
c) Abraham Maslow
d) B.F. Skinner
c) Abraham Maslow
Which of the following is true of the principle of natural selection proposed by Darwin?
a) Genetic mutations eliminate the chances of survival of a species.
b) A species with camouflage is less likely to find a mate.
c) A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes.
d) A species with a characteristic that helps it to adapt to an environmental change will survive.
d) A species with a characteristic that helps it to adapt to an environmental change will survive.
Which of the following best exemplifies the attitude of skepticism in psychology?
a) Doug asks his doctor to remind him of the instructions for taking his medicine.
b) Stephanie wonders if the sleeping pills she is taking are really helping her sleep.
c) Jeff buys the newest bowflex model to help him lose weight in just a week.
d) Ben tells a GameStop employee that he can find the same used game in another store for much cheaper.
b) Stephanie wonders if the sleeping pills she is taking are really helping her sleep.
George is studying how the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain create the condition of depression. George's study fits BEST into the area of what psychological specialty?
a) Clinical
b) Cognitive
c) Behavioral neuroscience
d) Social
c) Behavioral neuroscience
Amanda is studying differences in achievement motivation between White, Black, and Hispanic Americans. She is most likely practicing the _______ to psychology.
a) sociocultural approach
b) biological approach
c) cognitive approach
d) evolutionary apporach
a) sociocultural approach
If a person goes to medical school to specialize in psychological disorders, this person will eventually be referred to as a clinical psychologist.
True or False
False
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change what age?
a) developmental psychologist
b) A forensic psychologist
c) An industrial/organizational psychologist
d) A health psychologist
a) developmental psychologist
Psychology is formally defined as
a) the study of the mind.
b) the subjective study of human behavior.
c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
d) the study of abnormal thoughts and behavior.
c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
William James called the natural flow of thought
a) free recall.
b) stream of consciousness.
c) association of ideas.
d) vibing.
b) stream of consciousness.
Psychiatrists can prescribe medication, whereas clinical psychologists are unable to do this.
True or False
True
In psychology, individuals who are primarily engaged in helping people and offering them guidance as they work through problems are often called _______ of psychology.
a) practitioners
b) researchers
c) coaches
d) technicians
a) practitioners
Which of the following most accurately describes the belief of evolutionary psychologists?
a) The evolutionary approach accurately explains why men and women have different social roles.
b) Evolution accounts for cultural diversity.
c) The evolutionary approach does not explain behavioral patterns such as levels of aggression.
d) Evolution influences decision-making, fears, and mating patterns.
d) Evolution influences decision-making, fears, and mating patterns.
Jim, a lawyer, is considering hiring a psychologist to help with jury selection. Jim will most likely going to hire a(n) _____ psychologist.
a) clinical
b) forensic
c) social
d) educational
b) forensic
Which of the following types of psychologists are rained to administer psychotherapy and psychological assessment?
a) Clinical psychologists
b) Counseling psychologists
c) Developmental psychologists
d) A & B
e) A, B, & C
d) A & B
One of the reasons psychologists have reached a more accurate understanding of human behavior is that they
a) are unanimous about why the mind and behavior work as they do.
b) do not need to be objective in their studies of humans.
c) foster debate and controversies.
d) do not follow the empirical method.
c) foster debate and controversies.
Which of the following are central to the scientific approach of psychology?
a) Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity
b) Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and subjectivity
c) Critical thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and objectivity
d) Critical thinking, curiosity, political correctness, and subjectivity
a) Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity
A(n) _______ is a system of ideas that attempts to explain observations and make predictions about future observations.
a) experiment
b) theory
c) phenomenon
d) hypothesis
b) theory
The scientific method is about what we study, but not how we study it.
True or False
False
Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research?
a) They do not enable researchers to establish a causal connection between variables.
b) They don't allow researchers to use just one variable to predict the movement of there variables.
c) They cannot be used in situations where the issues of ethics is important.
d) They can be used to study the relationship between only two variables.
a) They do not enable researchers to establish a causal connection between variables.
What is the letter that represents a correlation coefficient?
r
Which of the following is an advantage of conducting psychological research in a laboratory?
a) It is easy to conduct research in a lab without subjects knowing they are being observed.
b) A lab is close to the real world and therefore causes subjects to behave naturally.
c) A lab is a controlled setting with many potential confounding variables removed.
d) Labs make it possible to study all aspects of mind and behavior.
c) A lab is a controlled setting with many potential confounding variables removed.
Professor Milton wants to examine the relationship between brain damage and intelligence levels in adults. She wants to know whether brain damage has any relation to intelligence and, if so, what the extent of this connection is likely to be. Which of the following psychological research methods is likely to be most suitable to Professor Milton's needs?
a) Case study
b) Naturalistic observation
c) Correlational
d) Experimental
c) Correlational
Jamie believes that sleep deprivation is related to conflicts between roommates. He collects data on the number of hours of sleep and the number of conflicts for a group of college students over the course of the month. He obtains a correlation coefficient of -0.75. In the context of correlational research, which of the following is the most likely conclusion from the results of his study?
a) 75% of the conflicts investigated are not related to sleep deprivation.
b) Sleep deprivation causes more conflicts.
c) Sleeping too little is associated with more conflicts.
d) Sleep and conflict are not related.
c) Sleeping too little is associated with more conflicts.
Which type of research is best used to establish a cause/effect relationship?
a) Descriptive
b) Correlational
c) Experimental
d) Longitudinal
c) Experimental
True random assignment is (possible/impossible), whereas true random sampling is (possible/impossible).
1. possible
2. impossible
Jennifer is concerned that the niche population she recruited for her current study will not allow her findings to be deemed generalizable. She is having issues with
a) internal validity.
b) external validity.
c) psychometric soundness.
d) construct validity.
b) external validity.
Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect of neurological trauma on short-term memory. First, he collects detailed information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Then, using information provided by medical records, interviews, and observations, Dr. Okawa attempts to create an in-depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method was used in this study?
a) Case study
b) Naturalistic observation
c) Experimental
d) Longitudinal
a) Case study
Dr. Jimbo is interested in the effects of happiness and well-being on the physical symptoms of stomach cancer. He plans to assess participant pain levels at both a six month and two year follow-up. What type of research can this be classified as?
a) Case study
b) Naturalistic observation
c) Experimental
d) Longitudinal
d) Longitudinal
Mean, median, and mode are classified as inferential statistics.
True or False
False
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?
a) .89
b) .25
c) -.78
d) -.95
d) -.95
If Professor Jung wants to be able to draw cause and effect conclusions from her research, which of the following is the most crucial aspect of her experimental design?
a) confederates
b) random assignment
c) random sampling
d) literature review
b) random assignment
In terms of statistical significance, what is considered to be the minimum level of probability that scientists will accept for concluding that observed differences are real and not due to chance?
a) .001
b) .05
c) .95
d) .99
b) .05
What letter is used to represent the confidence interval that is used to evaluate significance?
a
In the context of inferential statistics, a confidence level of .05 means that
a) If the odds are are .05 or less that the differences are due to chance, the results are considered statistically significant.
b) The researchers are confident about the methodology of their research to an extent of 5 percent.
c) The confidence level of participants in a research study is calculated to be .05.
d) If the study is conducted 5 times using the same variables and conditions, the result would be the same.
a) If the odds are are .05 or less that the differences are due to chance, the results are considered statistically significant.
The use of deception in an experiment violated the principle of
a) confidentiality.
b) debriefing.
c) study withdrawal.
d) informed consent.
d) informed consent.
What is/are the most common animals used in psychological research?
rats
Explain the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation.
With a positive correlation both variables increase or decrease, whereas with a negative correlation one increases while the other decreases.
Identify the gold standard for protecting research against the influence of bias and expectations.
double-blind experiment
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