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Research Methods Chapters 7 & 8

Terms in this set (44)

Know that ______________ is a study conducted in a natural setting within which behavior would be expected to occur
naturalistic observation
An example of ________________ might include a researcher observing study habits while sitting in a library alone for a two-hour period
naturalistic observation
Know that naturalistic research design is associated with __________________ validity but __________________ validity
high external ; low internal
Know that naturalistic observation ______________________ to conducting an experiment
may be an ethical alternative
Know that a _________________ is defined as the location or site where behavior of interest normally occurs
natural setting
A ________________ is one that does not at all resemble the natural setting within which behavior of interest naturally occurs
contrived setting
__________________________ are done because researchers want to observe the behavior as it would normally occur
Unobtrusive observations
Unobtrusive observation occurs when an observer is able to record or observe behavior in a manner that does not _______________________________ a participant's behavior
interfere with or change
It is necessary to define ___________________ in order to ______________ the observations in naturalistic observation
define behavior categories ; operationalize
The level of agreement between raters making naturalistic observations is called
interrater reliability
When a researcher observes individuals and records the amount of time they spend engaged in activity that is a ______________________ of quantifying observations
duration method
When a researcher counts the number of times an individual engages in behavior that is the _______________________ of naturalistic observation
frequency method
When a researcher records what an individual is doing every five seconds or some other time interval, that is the ________________ of naturalistic observation
interval method
When a researcher observes behavior for a set period of time followed by an interval where they do not observe, this is a ________________ for of observation
time sampling
When a researcher observes a particular person within a group for a time and then observes another individual, this is an _________________________ method of naturalistic observation
individual sampling
Know that ___________________ designs are methods used to make observations that are recorded as __________ and not subjected to _______________________
qualitative research ; words ; statistical analysis
Know that _________________ is the assumption in science that all actions in the universe have a cause
determinism
_________________________ is guided as much by the _____________ by as the researcher
qualitative research ; participant
Know that credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability are criteria used for assessing ________________ in a qualitative research
trustworthiness
Know that __________________ is a qualitative analysis of the conscious experiences of phenomenon from the perspective of the participant
phenomenology
Know that ___________________________ is when the researcher participates in or joins the group or culture they are observing
participant observation
Know that _________________________ involves the collection, review, and analysis of any type of existing documents or records
existing data design
If a researcher were to review criminal databases and record the gender and race of death row inmates by state, this would be a form of
archival research
Know that a _________________ is a type of existing data design in which data are combined, analyzed, and summarized across a group of related studies to make decisions about the strength or reliability of the findings of those studies
meta-analysis
Know that a ___________ is a series of questions or statements, called items, used inn a questionnaire or interview to measure responses of respondents
survey
Know that _____________________ are most often used with qualitative research design because the responses in the survey are purely descriptive
open ended items
Know that items in a survey must be
-valid and reliable
-use simple language
-unbiased
Know that an example of a _____________________ would be asking for a rating of a statement such as, "I want to spend more time studying and to have fun"
double-barreled item
Know that _________________________ describes the tendency for participants to respond the same way to all items in a survey based of the direction of ratings of previous items
response set pitfall
Know that ________________ are response-based scales that have points above (positive values) and below (negative values) a zero point
bipolar scales
Know that ____________ are adjectives that are given to describe the endpoints of a rating scale and give the scale greater meaning
anchors
Know that when constructing response scales, an individual should keep the scale between
3-10 points
Know that the advantage of an online survey is that it is __________________________ but the disadvantage is that it may __________________ to only those who understand and have access to technology
cost effective ; limit participation
Know that the goal of the ____________ is to get participants talking to each other, sharing ideas and experiences on a predetermined topic
focus group
Know that _______________ refers to the portion of participants who agree to complete a survey among the individuals who were asked to participate
response rate
Know that ideally a ______ response rate should be obtained to minimize bias, most surveys have response rates less than ______
75% ; 50%
Know that participants ________________________ to answer questions or complete a survey
should not be coerced
Know that when two factors change in the same direction they have a _________________________ and when they change in the opposite direction they have a _____________________
positive relationship ; negative relationship
Know that a graph such as the one below displays a negative correlation
Know that a ________________ is the appropriate graphical summary of a correlation between two factors
scatterplot
Know that the __________________________ is the most commonly used formula for computing r
Pearson correlation coefficient
Know that the correlation coefficient r varies between
-1 and +1
Know that a correlation coefficient closer to ±1 indicates a ____________________ between two factors
stronger relationship
Know that an ____________ is a score that fall substantially above or below most other scores in a data set
outlier
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