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Midterm 2

Terms in this set (62)

What would you expect to happen when parathyroid glands become hyperactive and secrete too much of their hormone?
skeleton becomes weak
Margaret (age 64) visits her primary care physician who informs her that she is beginning to show signs of bone mass loss. Which of the following is her physician most likely to suggest?
Increase dietary calcium to assist in building the mineral component of bone
After a fracture, what is the correct sequence of repair?
Blood clot, cartilage patch, bony patch, bone remodel
In vitamin C deficiency you cannot synthesize collagen. Which of the following would most likely occur?
Your skeleton would become malformed.
Which of the following is a fibrocartilage cartilaginous joint?
Symphysis
The __________ are joined to one another by __________ joints. (You may want to use your lecture notes or textbook tables to help with this one.)
carpals; synovial
Which are cartilaginous joints? (You may want to use your lecture notes or textbook tables for this one.)
The joint between the pubic bones and the joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Which are synovial joints?
The joints between true ribs (with the exception of the first) and the sternum.
I think if a joint is more stable, it will....
will be less likely to dislocate than a similar type, but less stable joint.
What is the relationship between the muscles crossing a joint and that joint's properties (ie: joint stability, mobility or range and type of motion)? When answering this question, assume muscles are balanced on all sides of the joint.
The stronger the muscles crossing a joint, the more stable the joint
What is the relationship between the tightness of the ligaments reinforcing joints and that joint's range of motion?
The tighter the ligaments, the less range of motion
Which of the following joints permits you to shake your head "no"?
The synovial pivot joint between C1 & C2 (atlantoaxial)
Cervical vertebrae articulate with ribs.
false
There are 12 pairs of ribs and they all articulate with the same type of vertebrae... a type of which there are 12... for the 12 pairs of ribs
Bad luck! You fall backward and land on your elbow, breaking off the tip. What bone is broken?
Ulna
Which of the following joints allows flexion, extension and slight rotation?
The joint between the tibia & femur
What is the most inferior articulation between the axial and appendicular skeletons?
The joint between the sacrum and ilium
What is the relationship between the tightness of the ligaments reinforcing joints and that joint's range of motion?
The tighter the ligaments, the less range of motion
Compare the hip and shoulder. Which joint has more contact with its socket?
The femoroacetabular
Comparing the glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints:
the femoroacetabular joint has a larger labrum.
What is the advantage or disadvantage of being a more or less stable joint?
Less stable joints have more range of motion
What ligament passes from the scapula to the humerus to reinforce the shoulder joint?
The glenohumeral ligament
The acromioclavicular joint is an amphiarthrotic syndesmosis.
False
Which of the following will NOT likely reduce movement of the upper limb?
Increased tightness of the acetabular labrum
True or False? You can achieve full range of upper limb motion at the shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction and adduction) only through movements of the glenohumeral joint.
false
Which of the following will least likely reduce movement of the upper limb?
Decreased elasticity of the sacroiliac ligament
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
Too high PTH production
PTH hormone
decreases bone mass
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
A medication that stimulates collagen formation
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
Increasing dietary vitamin C
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
clavicle
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
synovial joint
While walking, a post-menopausal grandmother falls off a curb and lands hard on her outstretched right arm. Her physicians diagnose a fracture of the bone which forms the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. They also note damage to the joint between the fractured bone and the axial skeleton. They perform surgery to realign the bone at the fracture to allow proper healing and they use a titanium plate to permanently secure the fractured bone to the axial skeleton at the injured joint. However, they are particularly concerned because her bone mass is quite low and due to her advanced age, she also has low osteoblast activity.
Scratching her left shoulder blade with her right hand
In anatomy, collateral means accessory, subordinate, secondary, serving to support or reinforce. Knowing this, where would you expect to find the tibial collateral ligament?
on medial aspect of knee
The sarcolemma is:
The skeletal muscle cell's membrane
In a muscle cell:
there are many nuclei and the sarcoplasm contains abundant mitochondria
Skeletal muscle cells contain contractile proteins organized into:
myofibrils
A group of muscle cells, called a fascicle, are surrounded by which connective tissue layer?
perimysium
Which of the following is a protein that acts to permit the action of another protein?
troponin
In a muscle cell:
there are many nuclei and the sarcoplasm contains abundant mitochondria
Which is true?
Myofilaments are protiens
Sodium (Na+) is more concentrated outside of cells than inside cells. What would happen if the cell membrane permeability to sodium suddenly changed?
Sodium rushes into the cell passively (net inward movement)
What type of channels in the motor end plate bind Ach (acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter)?
chemically gated sodium channels
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach in the synaptic cleft. What would happen if you somehow increased the amount of acetylcholinesterase (or its activity) in the synaptic cleft?
Muscle contractions would be shorter or may not happen
Why is the concentration of calcium so high in the sarcoplasmic reticulum during rest?
Because ATP dependent pumps actively move it there from the sarcoplasm
What type of fluid is found in the transverse tubules (t-tubules)?
ECF extracellular fluid
When a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle cell it innervates are at rest:
calcium is actively transported into the SR.
Why is acetylcholine (Ach) used at the junction between neurons and muscle cells?
Because the neuron's action potential cannot cross the synaptic cleft
Why do sodium ions enter a cell when gated sodium channels open?
They move down their concentration gradient passively, by diffusion.
To be activated, skeletal muscle fibers must receive neurotransmitter from neurons. What structure must neurons penetrate to activate the myofiber?
endomysium
What would happen if your cell membranes did not contain sodium-potassium pumps?
Both of the above would happen if your cell membranes did not contain sodium-potassium pumps.
What would happen if you somehow increased the amount of acetylcholinesterase (or its activity) in the synaptic cleft?
Muscle contractions would be shorter or may not happen
Where in a sarcomere do you find titin and tropomyosin, but not myosin?
I band
Where in a sarcomere do you find the thick filament, but not the thin filament?
H zone
As a contracting muscles shortens the _____ lengthens.
zone of overlap
What organelle of skeletal muscle cells stores calcium used in muscle contaction?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is a protein that acts to permit the action of another protein?
troponin
During skeletal muscle activation, each myosin requires ____ ATP per cross bridge cycle, and myosin heads cycle ____.
one; as often as possible
At rest, why is myosin in the high energy state? (Rest means no AP on the sarcolemma.)
Because the energy in ATP was transferred to the myosin after the ATP caused crossbridge detachment.
During sustained skeletal muscle contractions, crossbridges are:
constantly breaking and reforming asynchronously.
Motor neurons are required for the activation of skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following does NOT describe the function of acetylcholine (Ach) in muscle activation?
To enter the sarcoplasm and change transmembrane potential
In cramping, muscle force develops and then is sustained (relaxation does not occur). Which of the following is most likely the cause of this?
Insufficient ATP to break cross bridges
At rest, why is myosin in the high energy state? (Rest means no AP on the sarcolemma.)
Because the energy in ATP was transferred to the myosin after the ATP caused crossbridge detachment.
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